Background and Aim: There is controversy about colonoscopy and taking biopsy from the normal colonic mucosa in patients with a clinical diagnosis of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS). This study aims to estimate the prevalence of microscopic colitis (MC) in D-IBS patients and to select patients without the well-known alarming features who will benefit from colonoscopy and biopsies from the normal colonic mucosa. Patients and Methods: We performed a cohort cross-sectional study over 6 months duration in a total of 129 patients with Rome III criteria of D-IBS after excluding cases with features of organic diseases. Cases were subjected to colonoscopy and biopsies from the colonic mucosa that seemed normal. Results: Histopathologic examination of biopsies taken from cases with normal colonic mucosa revealed 86 (71.66%) cases with nonspecific colitis, 26 (21.66%) cases with MC and 8 (6.66%) cases with ulcerative colitis. Concomitant immunologic diseases (P=0.00005) and triggering drugs intake (P=0.006) were significantly more common in the MC group. The mean duration of diarrhea in MC patients was significantly longer than that of nonspecific colitis and ulcerative colitis patients (P=0.0006). Conclusions: Prevalence of MC in D-IBS patients from Upper Egypt is relatively high (21.66%). Concomitant immunologic diseases, possible triggering drugs intake, and long duration of diarrhea are significant risk factors for undiagnosed MC in D-IBS patients.

HER-2/neu over expression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness, increased rates of recurrence, and increased mortality in node positive patients. It is amplified and/or over expressed in approximately 30% of female breast cancers. This study was to detect the relation between HER-2/neu over expression and steroid hormone receptor status. It was conducted at Cairo and Bani Suif university hospitals between February 2012 to February 2014. HER-2/neu over expression was found to be positive in thirteen patients (41%) out of the thirty two patients included in the study, more positive (52%) HER-2/neu was found among estrogen receptor (ER) positive patients, on the other hand, only 18% positive HER-2/neu was detected among ER negative patients. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.03). The same outcome was with progesterone receptors (PR) and HER-2/neu with statistically significant difference also (P = 0.02).

Background and objectives: Urothelial carcinoma is now considered to be the most important tumor of the urinary bladder in Egypt especially after decreased prevalence of schistosomiasis. Due to few available therapeutic approaches and partial success in improving patients' survival, novel immunotherapeutic agents such as immune checkpoint inhibitors become a promising hope especially after PD-1 and CTLA-4 being clinically relevant. TIM-3 which is another immune checkpoints molecule is recently appeared to be associated with immune suppression in many tumors and has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in several human malignancies including urothelial carcinoma. One of the TIM-3 discovered ligands is CEACAM-1. The latter has been linked to malignancy progression and metastatic spread and has been expressed in many tumor types. The aim of our work is to evaluate the expression of TIM-3 and CEACAM-1 in bladder urothelial carcinoma and analyse their correlations with clinical and pathological related factors.Methods: Different TIM-3 and CEACACM-1 expressions were evaluated in immunohistochemically stained paraffin embedded sections from 60 Egyptian patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma. Expression was correlated with the available clinical and pathological data. Results: Both TIM-3 and CEACAM-1 were expressed in cancer cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and endothelial cells. TIM-3 expression by cancer cells showed significant correlation with tumor necrosis and TIM-3 expression by TILs. TIM-3 expression by TILs significantly related to TIM-3 expression by endothelial cells. Endothelial CEACAM-1 positivity significantly correlated to tumor grade, associated inflammation, tumor necrosis, muscle invasion and tumor