This study suggests that MMP-8 is involved in periodontal destruction associated with smoking. Additionally, smoking exerts disastrous effects on immune response and can affect the pathogenesis of disease; hence, smoking results in increased severity of periodontal destruction.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and smoking on periodontal parameters and on the levels of salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8). One hundred and twenty five subjects were divided into five groups: group 1, systemically and periodontally healthy subjects (n = 25); group 2, systemically healthy subjects but with chronic periodontitis (n = 25); group 3, subjects with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (n = 25); group 4, smokers with chronic periodontitis (n = 25); group 5, diabetic-smokers with chronic periodontitis (n = 25). MMP-8 level in saliva was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Quantikine human total MMP-8 immunoassay kit. The result showed that the clinical periodontal parameters and the mean levels of the salivary MMP-8 were significantly higher for diabetic-smokers than other study groups. A highly significant positive correlation (r) between MMP-8 and periodontal parameters was also observed in diabetic-smoker patients. The findings suggest that diabetic-smokers have increased periodontal breakdown and are associated with an increased extent and severity of periodontitis. (J Oral Sci 58, 1-6, 2016)

Objective:Although many studies reported more severe periodontal disease and the existing proinflammatory conditions in patients with diabetes but only few have examined the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) on salivary matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) level and other periodontal parameters. This study aims to evaluate the effect of type 2 DM on salivary MMP-8 levels and periodontal parameters, which might be useful in monitoring periodontal disease in diabetes.Materials and Methods:A total of 90 subjects were selected for the study and were divided into three groups: Group I included 30 healthy subjects; Group II included 30 subjects without type 2 DM but with chronic periodontitis, and Group III included 30 subjects with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis. Periodontal parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were taken. The salivary MMP-8 level was estimated by Quantikine Human total MMP-8 immunoassay kit using ELISA method.Results:The mean value of the salivary MMP-8 of Group III was highest followed by Group II and Group I, the least. The other periodontal parameters PI, GI, PPD, CAL, was comparatively highest for Group III.Conclusion:This study suggests that diabetes is associated with an increased prevalence, extent, and severity of periodontitis. Furthermore, the increased levels of MMP-8 indicate the influence of diabetes on their salivary concentration.

Bad breath" (1550BC Ebers Papyrus) has been recorded in the literature for thousands of years and has only come to the force, as it can be a significant social handicap in sophisticated world. Modern literature on bad breath dates back to a monograph published in the 19th century itself. Prevalence is unclear, assessment is difficult and treatment strategies to control oral malodor are primarily directed at reduction of total bacterial counts in the oral cavity. In the present article, we would like to discuss the merits and demerits of different instruments used to measure halitosis.

Background: Incidence of intertrochanteric fractures has been found to be significantly increasing in today's modern human populations. Generally, intramedullary fixation and extramedullary fixation are the 2 primary options for treatment of such fractures. The dynamic hip screw (DHS), commonly used in extramedullary fixation, has become a standard implant in treatment of these fractures. Proximal femoral nail (PFN) and Gamma nail are 2 commonly used devices in the intramedullary fixation. Hence; we prospectively analyzed and compared the DHS and the PFN method of fixation in intertrochanteric fracture of femur in the adults. Materials & Methods: Analysis of a total of 100 patients reporting from 2010 to 2014 with intertrochanteric femur fracture was done in the present analysis. Out of 100 patients 50 patients were treated with P.F.N. and 50 with D.H.S. In this study more than 50 years of age patient were surgically fit who has been diagnosed as having intertrochanteric fractures. The fracture was classified using Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification. Implant either DHS or PFN was randomly selected by operating surgeon. A combination of 3rd generation Cephalosporin and Amino glycoside was administered intravenously 30 min. prior to the skin incision. Patients were encouraged calf and ankle exercises from day one and mobilized non-weight bearing from the second postoperative day depending upon the physical condition of the patient. All drains were removed by 24 h. Follow-up the patients were maintained and results were analyzed. Results: 00 confirmed cases of intertrochanteric femur reporting from 2010 to 2014 were analyzed. Out of 100 cases, 50 were treated by a dynamic hip screw and 50 were treated by proximal femoral nail. The average age was 64.5 years. Out of 100, 40 were males and 60 were females. Accidents were the most common reason for occurrence of fractures in the present study. There were a total of 12 A-1 fractures, 29 A-2 fractures and 9 A-3 fractures. Measurement of blood loss was done by using mop count and collection in suction drain. Blood loss was comparatively less for PFN cases. The average blood loss in the P.F.N group and DHS group were 110 ml and 260 ml respectively. Blood transfusion was required in 10 cases of DHS group. At one month's follow-up time, hip score in the D.H.S group was less than that of the P.F.N group. Conclusion: Fracture dimensions and quality of bone decides the type of fixation. For the achievement of best post-surgical results, a good quality reduction and proper positioning of the implants favour good prognosis.

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Abstract:Coronoplasty is the selective reduction of occlusal areas with the primary purpose influencing the

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