There is a lack of research on urban sprawl in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, undergoing significant demographic change. There is an urgent need to conduct more studies on African cities and investigate spatial variations in urban sprawl to fill a knowledge gap in Sub-Saharan Countries (SSC). There have been no studies of urban sprawl in the Somali capital of Mogadishu, a fragile metropolis struggling with the legacy of decades of civil war. This study has two main objectives: (i) to examine sprawl patterns in Mogadishu, Somalia; and (ii) to identify the drivers and impacts of urban sprawl in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study used spatiotemporal imagery from 2006, 2013, and 2021 to identify sprawl patterns. A quantitative method in the form of a cross-sectional survey with 265 participants was then used to identify the drivers and impacts of sprawl, which was then analysed using the structural equation model (SEM). The spatiotemporal analysis results showed sprawl patterns in nine districts and three settlements, mainly scattered and leapfrog patterns. The SEM discovered five significant drivers: low price of land and dwelling (LP), development of transportation infrastructure (DTI), rising income, security reasons, and low commute cost (LCC), in addition to eight significant impacts: less social interaction (LSI), agriculture land and natural habitat loss (AGL NHL), unsafe environment (USE), insufficient health and educational services (IHF IEF), high public services cost (HPSC), insufficient public transport (IPT), less physical activity (LPA), pollution (POL) and mental health issues (MH). Undoubtedly, the impacts found in the study proved that urban sprawl negatively impacted the residents and environment of Mogadishu, which will continue as the security situation in the city improves and more residents are attracted.

The effectiveness of security and accessibility to all facilities supplied in the neighborhood area was evaluated using the Pedestrian Infrastructure Quality of Service methodology. The method is known as a "mix of land uses to test pedestrian connectivity," and it encompasses land use and connectivity within a 400-meter walking radius, as indicated on the map. According to the findings, 28% of pedestrians in the age range of 25–34 years old were eager to walk in a neighborhood with good pedestrian infrastructure and a safe environment for walking. The elderly were less willing to walk because of the lack of pedestrian infrastructure, which prevented people from using walking as a mode of transportation. Professionals, who accounted for 45.6 % of all responses, favored increased provision for pedestrians in the neighborhood area to encourage more people to walk instead of driving private vehicles.

<abstract><p>Tourists' preferences for public transport at destinations are homogeneous, while the choice of private transport services is heterogeneous. This paper examined several facets of the existing public transport system to understand tourists' disapproval of the mode choice for pleasurable holiday travel in Lagos, Nigeria. The urban transport services were adjudged based on tourists' perceptions of satisfaction with service features related to mode choice. Statistical and structured analyses were used to explore the association between usage decisions and satisfaction with public transport services. The link between mode choice tolerability and usage decisions was identified using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. The <italic>principal component analysis</italic> (PCA) identified three (3) main factors comprising 16 service dimensions influencing the choice of public transport. The <italic>Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin</italic> (KMO) and Barlett tests confirmed the sampling adequacy for each variable in each factor and the combined elements. The analyses quantified the association between variables and tourists' usage decisions. The relationship between satisfaction and the variables explained the variation in satisfaction with the quality aspects of public transportation. Thus, the findings expressly explained tourists' usual dissatisfaction with Lagos public transport system for leisure excursions.</p></abstract>

Encouraging car users to bus use has been a central topic to control the deteriorating traffic condition. In this light, Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) has deployed extensive investments in order to improve public bus service on its connectivity, service time and etc. Nevertheless, low bus ridership remains and car use is the main contributor of vehicular activity. Under this premise, various scholars have highlighted distorted perceptions towards bus use as a barrier to promote modal shift from car to bus use. An empirical study is necessary to examine the factors that shape distorted perceptions towards bus use among the car users in Iskandar Malaysia. Therefore, this research aims to assessing perceptions towards public bus service among the car users in Iskandar Malaysia. In order to assess car users’ perceptions, online questionnaire survey was conducted with sample size of 102. Car users who reside in residential neighbourhoods within 910 meters radius and nearby bus stops along Trans Iskandar BeXTRA Route BET3 were targeted as key respondents. Generalized Linear Model (GLM) is utilized in order to identify significant perceived variables that influence bus use among the car users. Results from GLM show the significant perceived variables in relation to bus use are twofold: affective i.e. safety (from crimes) and instrumental i.e. bus network, costs and bus stop facilities. Results of this research prove that perceptions in relation to instrumental and affective variables are influential to promote modal shift from car to bus use. Therefore, understanding car users’ perceptions may assist in modal shift to bus use.

This study determined to promote leisure satisfaction through pleasurable travel experiences in an active tourist destination. Local transportation provides links between tourists’ population and leisure targets at destinations. Therefore, diverse leisure activities and innovative tourism enterprises in many active cities are regulated by transport services. This study found that tourists are unwilling to adopt public mass transits for satisfactory travel in Lagos due to unattractive service attributes, thereby induced the increasing use of private vehicles for active leisure travel which technically retards touristic attraction of the city. Questionnaire survey technique was employed to collect data that were analysed in this study from the target respondents. Public transports deprived service attributes were identified to make Lagos uninteresting for wider leisure visitors and triggered a gradual declining of its tourism economy and social benefits. The transport service attributes examined from tourists’ sensitivities and perceptions are reliability, affordability, aesthetic features, comfort and safety to gain insight into how transportation service attribute variability impact leisure travel satisfaction in Lagos. This study used SPSS version 22.0 to analyse 108 valid responses. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) created in AMOS was valuable in determining complex mode integration via Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The EFA characterised the cumulative variance attributes responsible for the unsatisfactory tourists’ perception of Lagos public transport system in recent times. This study conclusively proved that 11.33% of leisure tourists sampled use public transports service, while 88.67% opted for personalised transports, and over 43.0% of returning visitors to Lagos prefer not to use existing public transport services. This study advocates the improvement of transport service elements identified to encourage future use of Lagos public transports.