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Nursing care of the high risk neonates requires critical care nursing, which has created a need for highly skilled personnel trained in the art of neonatal intensive care. The incidences of infection among high risk neonates are more frequent due to their immature immune system. It's considered the most serious complications and represents about 60% of neonatal death in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Tanta university hospital. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of educational intervention on nurse's performance to control infection at neonatal intensive care unit, Tanta University Hospital. The sample was consisted of all nurses working in the unit and all high risk neonate who were admitted over a period of 3 months. Two tools were used to collect data. Checklist for nurse's performance and health assessment sheet for high risk neonate. The result shows that, before intervention 70.49% of nurses had unsatisfactory grade, while after intervention two-thirds of them (63.39%) were good and 21.31% of nurses were satisfactory in their performance. This difference was statistically significant (p< 0.05). According to condition on discharge, it was found that 76% of study group improved, compared to 60% of control group. In Conclusion: Risk of infection can be controlled, if the health team and other workers have understood the principles and methods of controlling infection. Nurses at NICU need pre service as wells inservice educational program to refresh their knowledge and improve their skills. INTRODUCTION:The neonatal period is a highly vulnerable period during which many of the physiologic adjustments required for extra uterine existence are completed. (1) High risk means an infant exposed to any condition that makes their survival in danger. They include infant of diabetic mothers, neonatal jaundice, neonatal

Background: Decisions play important roles as they determine both organizational and managerial activities. It is the key part of head nurses' activities. Decisions are made at every level of nursing management to ensure that the nursing department goals are achieved. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the decision making performance process among head nurses. Methods: The study was conducted at El-Menshawi and El-Mahala General Hospitals which are affiliated to the Ministry of Health and Population. Study subject included all (95) head nurses working at the assigned hospitals. Decision Making Analysis of Areas and Activities Questionnaire and Decision Making Rating Scale for head nurses were used as tools for data collection. Results: More than one third of head nurses propose the budget of nursing department imposed on them and make decision in concerning the needed qualifications of nursing personnel on each unit in conjunction with the chief. Seventy percentages of head nurses at El-Mahala General Hospital had high levels in the decision making process. More than half at El-Mahala hospital had moderate levels in the strategy of decision making performance process. Conclusion: head nurses fulfilled the areas and activities of decision making process but a lot of decisions making is done with the chief either with or without subordinating opinions. Establishing training programs is recommended to help head nurses and subordinate staff in making effective decision, developing the budget of nursing unit and improving standard of care activities.

Background: Emotional intelligence is vital to learning process and emotional intelligence may be reflected as significant attribute of nurse student which impact the quality of student performance. Therefore, the student nurse allowed to a better understanding of their self-determination. Aim of study: To explore their relation between nursing student' emotional intelligence and their self-determination. Subjects and Method: Descriptive correlation research. Setting: conducted in Faculty of Nursing at Pore Said University. Subject: All nursing student. Tools: Data for this study were collected by using two tools emotional intelligence scale and selfdetermination scale. Results: Revealed a high level emotional intelligence of student nurses. There was statistically significant correlation between nursing student emotional intelligence and their self-determination. Conclusion: Nursing students had high total emotional intelligence competencies with high percentage in personal competencies. Also, there was positive significant correlation was detected between nursing students' emotional intelligence and their self-determination. Recommendations: Develop training program on emotional intelligence and selfdetermination as a managerial skill for nursing students. Create a positive nurses students emotional intelligence and their self-determination atmosphere at work through empathy, healthy, social dialogue, confidence and recognition.

Background: Cooperative learning plays a vital role to equip the nursing students with overall needed qualities and skills that suggest clear adoption and effective implementation from clinical nurse educators. Aim: To determine efficacy of instructional program on clinical nurse educators' implementation of cooperative learning at Faculty of Nursing. Subjects and method: A quasi experimental study design was used. Setting: Study was conducted at Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University including all seven academic nursing departments. Subjects: All available (n=80) clinical nurse educators included nursing demonstrators and assistant lecturers enrolled at Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University. Three tools were used; Tool I: Clinical nurse educators' perception regarding cooperative learning implementation Questionnaire. Tool II: Knowledge questionnaire about cooperative learning implementation. Tool III: Cooperative learning implementation observational checklist. Results: Pre-instructional program, majority (83.7%) of clinical nurse educators had low perception level regarding cooperative learning implementation. Majority (88.7%) of clinical nurse educators had poor knowledge level preinstructional program, while post-instructional program high percent (77.5%) of them had good knowledge level and 96.0% of them showed good practice level. Conclusion: Postinstructional program most of clinical nurse educators had good knowledge level with significant improvement compared to pre-instructional program. Also, majority of them showed good practice level regarding implementation of cooperative learning in clinical sessions. Recommendations: Conduct in-service training programs and workshops for qualifying and encouraging clinical nurse educators for using cooperative learning in their clinical sessions.

The role of the nurses is one of the challenges facing nursing and medical students entering the clinical phase of their education. This study designed to assess and compare between the views of nursing and medical students about the nursing' roles. This study used descriptive and comparative design. The study carried out at Nursing and Medicine Faculties in Tanta University. The subject constitute of 100 nursing students and 100 medical students, both of them were undergraduates belonging Tanta University. Data were collected randomly from the last year program of both nursing and medical students. One tool was used to collect necessary data to measure nursing and medical student's views about nurses' role. The result indicated that, the majority of nursing and medical students have negative view about nurses' roles. The study recommended that, there is need to identify the nursing faculty program and joint objectives that can be measured and evaluated to minimize the gap between the views of nurses and medical staff.

Background: There is widespread interest in measuring nursing perception about issues relevant to patient safety to ensure both the individual health care providers and health care system to contribute to safe delivery of care. The present study aims to assess staff nurses' perception toward working conditions affecting patient's safety at Sherbeen General Hospital and Mansoura New General Hospital. A descriptive comparative study was utilized with a sample of 204 staff nurses in Sherbeen General Hospital and 250 staff nurses in Mansoura New General Hospital. Data were collected by using the hospital survey of patient safety culture questionnaire. Results revealed that, the highest percent of staff nurses' perception at Sherbeen General Hospital was shown in personal and social factors but at Mansoura New General Hospital was in hospital environmental factors. In conclusion, the staff nurses' at Mansoura New General Hospital were highly perception with health care working condition that affect patient safety than Sherbeen General Hospital, there was statistically significance difference between the staff nurses' perception in both hospitals regarding the personal and social factors. The study recommended that there should be a blame-free environment for identifying threats to patient safety, sharing information and learning from events. Nurses should be focused in area of errors as shift changes, patient transition and handover

Background: autonomous decision making (DM) is a positive concept for novice graduate nurses (NGNs) influencing job satisfaction, retention and quality of care. They have to exercise judgments and DM skills through learning DM process to act independently and autonomously. Aim: to assess, design, implement, and evaluate an enforcement educational management program on autonomous clinical and managerial decision making for novice graduate nurses. Setting: study was conducted at Tanta University and El Menshawy Hospital. Subjects: all (90) novice graduate nurses working in above mentioned setting. Tools: Three tools were used including decision making autonomy assessment scale, decision making and principles of autonomy knowledge test and educational enforcement program on decision making and autonomy principles. Results: Pre programs, all NGNs have low level of DM autonomy in clinical and managerial decisions and had poor level of knowledge about DM autonomy principles. Post program, (95.5%) of NGNs had good level of knowledge. NGNs (12.3% and 24.4%) had moderate level of managerial and clinical DM autonomy respectively. Conclusion: NGNs at two hospitals not having the authority and autonomy for making clinical and managerial decisions. Additionally, had lacking knowledge about decision making autonomy principles and facing organizational obstacles that limit their autonomy in DM. Post program, NGNs' knowledge and skills about autonomous DM improved. Recommendations: updating the structure of NGNs' job description including their involvement in decision making. Stress active managerial support to NGNs to improve their decision-making skills and become independent in clinical and managerial decisions.