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Several studies have been reported for optimal operation of electrical railway systems (ERSs). However, the stochastic energy management of ERSs, including renewable energy resources (RERs), has received less attention. The RERs’ uncertainties might affect the ERSs. On the other hand, the calculation time of the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)‐based approaches is an essential challenge, which should be solved, particularly in real‐time decisions and recursive optimization problems. Thus, it is crucial to study the ERSs' stochastic behaviors and uncertainties, including RERs. This paper tries to overcome the discussed concerns and challenges by proposing a novel ERS’s optimal stochastic energy management using clustering algorithms. In this paper, the backward scenario reduction algorithm has been used. In addition, regenerative braking energy (RBE) and energy management systems (ESSs) have been studied. Studying the impacts of changes in the number of passengers on the optimized operation of ERSs and investigating the interaction between the utility grid and the ERS are other contributions of this research. The proposed method is applied to an actual test system of Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Company (TUSROC). Test results are validated by comparing with available MCS‐based methods. Simulation results illustrate the accuracy and computation time advantages of the proposed method. Simulation results illustrate that <0.6% inaccuracy appears in the proposed method, while it would be 500 times faster than MCS‐based ones. The comparative test results show the advantages of the introduced method.

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This paper inspects customer multi-carrier microgrid deployments' techno-economic viability and assists investors in deciding whether or not to invest in multi-carrier microgrid installations equipped with smart demand-side technologies. The solution of the proposed model determines the optimal mix and size of distributed energy resources, and identifies the ideal participation rate of potential responsive customers within the multi-carrier microgrid. The objective of the proposed model is to minimize the overall deployment cost comprising the investment and replacement of distributed energy resources, demand-side smart measurement and informing appliances, loan payoff, operation, maintenance, peak demand charge, energy demand shifting reward or penalty, emission, and unserved energy while ensuring the desired levels of reliability and online reserve. The model also considers incentive policies to encourage customers to install demand-side smart technologies to participate in demand response programs actively. The planning problem is formulated by mixed-integer programming. The proposed model is applied to an industrial zone as an aggregate load. Numerical simulations exhibit the model's efficacy and scrutinize in-depth, the effect of a variety of factors on multi-carrier microgrid planning results, including the extents of the capital investment fund and loan in addition to demand response enabling technology cost.