Boustie & Grube, 2005). Depsides and depsidones are the most common secondary products uniquely produced in lichens by the fungal symbiont, amounting to as large as 5-10% of thallus' dry weight. The core structural motif of this acetyl polymalonylderived family of about 700 depsides and depsidones is uniform across thousands of lichen species and generally consists of two phenolic rings with various substituents, joined by ester and/or ether linkages. Depsides and depsidones have manifold properties, such as antioxidant, antiviral, antibiotic, antitumor, allergenic, plant growth inhibitory, antiherbivore and enzyme inhibitory activities. There are various reports on the antimicrobial activity of crude lichen extracts. However, studies on antimicrobial activity of lichen compounds are scarce and scattered. A correlation between phenolic constituents and antimicrobial activity has been established (Vartia, 1973; Ingolfsdottir et al., 1998; Gulluce et al., 2006; Ranković et al., 2007 a, b). The antimicrobial activity of some common depsides, namely, atranorin (1), lecanoric acid (2), erythrin (3), the meta-depside sekikaic acid (4), the depsidone lobaric acid (5) and mononuclear aromatic compounds methyl orsellinate (6) and methyl-borcinolcarboxylate (7) (Figure 1) were tested against six human and plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi in vitro to evaluate their medical efficacy as pharmacophores. In addition, toxicological studies of lichen metabolites (1)-(7) (Table 1) were carried out using brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay. METHODS AND MATERIALS General experimental: Medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) was employed with accelerating

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Purpose: This study investigated Logical/ Mathematical and Spatial/ Visual Intelligence of male and female teachers in secondary school and its influence on their teaching pedagogies in the subject of science and mathematics. Methodology: Through a Likert scale questionnaire, data were collected from 252 secondary male and female schoolteachers from both rural and urban areas of district Peshawar. For data analysis, two-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation was used. Result found a significant gender difference in visual intelligence where females were found with high level as compared to male and the influence of professional qualification was also noticed in visual intelligence.  Results: Therefore, the study suggested that curriculum developer and policymakers need to focus on the intellectual development of teachers, to enhance their instructional abilities and professional expansion. Implications/Applications: Besides, results showed a significant positive correlation between Logical/ Mathematical and Spatial/ Visual intelligence with their teaching pedagogies. The findings shed light that teachers’ intelligence has a foretelling effect on their pedagogies which ultimately affect students’ academic performance.

Cashmins A (1) and B (2), two new coumarins, have been isolated from the chloroform-soluble subfraction of the methanolic extract of Sorbus cashmiriana Hedl. Both compounds showed potent antioxidant activity in different antioxidant assays.The genus Sorbus (Rosaceae) comprises of 200 species which are commonly grown in Asia, Africa, and South America. Out of these, seven species have so far been identified in Pakistan. One of these is Sorbus cashmiriana Hedl., which is a tree found in Kashmir and the western Himalayas. A tea made from its bark is used to treat nausea. The bark preparation is also used to treat heart diseases. Berries are used to cure scurvy [1][2][3][4][5]. Previously six new triterpenes have been reported by us from this plant [6][7][8]. Its methanolic extract showed significant antioxidant activity. On further fractionation, the major activity was detected in the chloroform-soluble subfraction. This prompted us to carry out bioassay-directed isolation studies on this fraction, resulting in the isolation of two new coumarins named cashmins A (1) and B (2). Both compounds showed potent antioxidant activity in different antioxidant assays.Cashmin A (1) was obtained as a white amorphous solid and gave a violet coloration with FeCl 3 for a phenol. The molecular formula was established as C 22 H 16 O 7 through HR-EI-MS, showing an [M] + peak at m/z 392.0896 (calcd 392.0899). The IR spectrum showed the presence of a hydroxyl group (3360 cm -1 ), an D,E-unsaturated lactone (1700 cm -1 ), and an olefinic bond (1630 cm -1 ). The UV spectrum was characteristic of a coumarin showing absorption maxima at 230, 262, and 322 nm [9]. The 13 C NMR (Table 1) and DEPT spectra of 1 showed 22 carbon signals, including one methyl, ten methines, and eleven quaternary carbons. The most downfield signal at G 162.2 was assigned to the carbonyl carbon of D,E-unsaturated lactone moiety.

Colucins A (1) and B (2), new flavonoids and colucone (3), the new chalcone derivative, have been isolated from the CHCl-soluble fraction of the whole plant of Colutea armata along with luteolin (4), luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (5), isoliquiritigenin (6), trans-caffeic acid (7) and stigmasterol (8) reported for the first time from this species. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including MS and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant antimicrobial activity against two Gram positive and three Gram negative bacterial strains while 3 was moderately active.

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