Thyroid nodules, both macroscopic and microscopic, are widespread in the general population with up to 80% of people having them at autopsy. Ultrasonography is now widely available to diagnose thyroid nodules. Objective: To determine the role of ultrasound and colour doppler in assessment of thyroid nodule. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital Gujrat, Pakistan from 1st February to 20th June, 2022. In this study total 70 patients with thyroid nodules were included who visited the hospital OPD with the complaint of neck pain and difficulty in swallowing. It included individuals with all ages of wither gender. People with the history of previous neck surgery were excluded. A linear high frequency transducer was used on Toshiba Aplio XG ultrasound machine. Data were analysed by SPSS version 22. Results: Total 70 patients were included in this study. Their age ranged from minimum 25 to maximum 74 with median age 47.50 years. As regard age, the mean age of study population was 46.057 ± 11.910. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound and color doppler. As regard ultrasound findings, we classified type of nodule as irregular nodule (n) 2.9%, left solitary nodule (n) 21.4%, right solitary nodule (n) 30.0%, isthmus nodule (n) 7.1%, multi-nodule goiter (n) 18.6%, bilateral nodule (n) 10.0%, heterogenous thyroid nodule (n) 7.1%, complex thyroid nodule (n) 2.9% were present. As regard color doppler flow present in (n) 32.9% and no flow seen in (n) 67.1%. Conclusions: Ultrasound is a rapid and secure way to evaluate thyroid nodules. It is the most accurate and cost-effective method for evaluating and monitoring thyroid nodules.
The most serious congenital abnormalities are those involving the central nervous system (CNS). Ultrasound (US) examination is a safe and noninvasive method for detecting these anomalies during pregnancy. Objective: To find out the frequency of the fetal central nervous system anomalies detected on ultrasonography. Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted on 385 pregnant women using Convenient Sampling Technique. The patients were referred by obstetricians/gynecologists for routine obstetrical scan. Data was collected from two hospital settings, Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital, Sialkot and Umer Diagnostics, Sialkot. The study used a high resolution ultrasound probe with a frequency of 3.5 MHz to identify CNS anomalies in 13 embryos. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Results: 13 fetuses with CNS anomalies were found after 385 pregnant women underwent transabdominal sonography. Anomalies included 2(0.5%) ventriculomegaly, 3(0.8%) acrania, 2(0.5%) encephalocele, 2(0.5%) bilaterally present choroid plexus cyst, 2(0.5%) hydrocephalus, 1(0.3%) agenesis of cerebellar vermis along with mega cisterna magna. Conclusions: Acrania is most common among all CNS anomalies. Disability and bed rest are the two most serious consequences of major CNS abnormalities, early detection of these conditions is now crucial. Another significant problem is family counseling.
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