Background: PCOS is a leading cause of infertility globally. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated disease pigeon-holed by high testosterone levels, irregular menstruation, and/or tiny cysts on one or both ovaries. The disease can be anatomical (polycystic ovaries) or biochemical (hyperandrogenemia). Follicular developmental inhibition, ovarian microcysts, anovulation, and menstrual irregularities are all symptoms of hyperandrogenism, a clinical characteristic of PCOS. Objective: The objective is to determine the chances of infertility in a patient presenting with PCOS in childbearing age. Methodology: Data was collected from Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Obsgyne online library for papers published between 2005 and 2021 using specified MeSH keywords in this systematic review. We examined 10 cross-sectional type analytical studies for data collecting in this systematic work. Results: 10 studies conducted between the years 2005 to 2021 were included in this systematic review. There were 3900 women in the study, ranging in age from 10 to 40. The 2nd most prevalent etiology of feminine factor-related infertility was determined to be PCOS in this investigation. In 70% of cases of anovulatory infertility, PCOS is the reason. As a result, it's critical to screen for and treat it in primary care settings. Ultrasound is the best modality for the detection of PCOS. PCOS has been identified using ultrasonography methods in several investigations. The basal follicle counts by TVS might be included among sonographic findings in the diagnosis of PCOS, with basal follicle counts of more than 10 is a PCOS criterion. Slightly swollen stroma, hypertrophy, enhanced ovarian mass and thickness, and the percentage of ovarian stroma to total ovary area are among the other characteristics. Conclusion: From this systematic review we concluded that infertility is most commonly caused by PCOS. In 70% of cases of anovulatory infertility, PCOS is the reason. Despite the fact that TVS is the gold standard for detecting ovarian abnormalities in young girls we examine trans-abdominally by using a high-frequency probe. Ultrasonography results for PCOS of the periphery cyst patterns include a considerable variety of small subcapsular follicles (10 follicles with a maximal diameter of 8 millimeter), enhanced ovarian volume (12.3 millimeter), and increased echo density of the ovarian stroma.
Background: The knee is the body's largest joint, and it can be affected by a variety of conditions including meniscal tears, ligament and bone damage, ulcerations, ruptures, and dislocations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is defined as a screening tool for identifying Knee Pathologies without the need for arthroscopy. Objective: To determine the frequency of knee joint pathologies on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Lahore, Pakistan. Material and Methods: Data was collected following inclusion criteria using convenient sampling technique. A total of 140 Patients undergone Knee MRI scans on MRI Machine 1.5T Phillips. Data was collected from Radiology Department of Sharif Medical city and analyzed on SPSS version 22. Frequencies of Knee pathologies were mentioned. For Categorical Data like Age Groups and Gender Mean, Median and Standard Deviation was applied. Results: Results were based on 140 Participants who had Knee Scan. In which the Male Patients were 57.1% and 42.9% Females. The highest frequency was in 36-45 among four Age groups having 54.3%. In Knee Pathologies the common Meniscal Injuries in Medial & Lateral have Longitudinal Tear as 18.6% & Horizontal tear as 12.9%. In Collateral Ligaments MCL have 7% Mesniscofemoral and LCL has 5.7% Mesniscofemoral Ligament Injuries. In ACL injuries 21.4% have complete rupture and 10% Partial Rupture in PCL. Patella has 27.1% chondromalacia while popliteal tendon has complete rupture of 8.6%. 15.7 Patients have Irregular Cartilage and 12.9% Ulceration. General and Local Synovitis in Synovia was 8.6%. Conclusion: In conclusion MRI diagnosis will enable patients to avoid arthroscopic interventional contrast procedures. The finding of this research supports the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of internal knee diseases.
Brain atrophy is the loss of connections between neurons. It can be due to old age, trauma, ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, post infective and neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: To determine the frequency of brain atrophy on Computed Tomography. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in Medcare international hospital, Gujranwala and DHQ, Kasur. The data was collected using convenient sampling technique from February 2022 to May 2022 after written consent. A sample size of 60 was calculated using mean from previous published studies. The age considered was maximum of 100 and minimum of 20 years. The study included all the patients who had focal and generalized brain atrophy. The equipment used for the evaluation was Toshiba Aquilion 64 slices CT scanner. Results: The mean age of patients was 79.88 ± 9.22 having minimum age of 57y and maximum age of 91y. The male patients were more frequent as 34(56.7%) and females as 26(43.3%). The brain atrophy was categorized as focal 14(23.3%) and generalized atrophy 46(76.7%). The patients of brain atrophy had history of smoking 30(39%), alcohol use 13(16.9%) and diabetes mellitus 15(19.5%) and the common symptoms include memory problems 25(33.3%), poor judgment 13(17.3%) and loss of language 11(14.7%). The most common cause of brain atrophy evaluated was due to old age 42(70%) following post traumatic 9(15%) and Alzheimer 4(6. 7%). Conclusion: In conclusion, brain atrophy can be due to old age, trauma and Alzheimer disease. The common symptoms include memory problems and loss of language.
Introduction: A congenital abnormality is referred to as a congenital illness or deformity. In the first four weeks of life, 276,000 newborns die from congenital impairments, giving birth to a total of around 3 million fetuses and babies; these fetuses and infants are affected by abdominal fetal deformities. Each demographic has a different prevalence of birth defects. Using standard ultrasonography, we set out to find out how often it is to see congenital fetal abdominal abnormalities in Gujrat District of Pakistan. Methods: From January 2022 to June 2022, researchers will conduct cross-sectional study at the Azeem Diagnostic Center Gujrat. 397 This research included pregnant women in the first, second, and third trimesters. Statistical analysis of prenatal ultrasound findings was carried out via the use of a structured questionnaire. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant when using the Chi-square test to look for a relationship. Odds Ratio was used to calculate illness risk. Results: Twenty separate pregnant women who had ultrasounds had fetal congenital impairments discovered. Patients with Atresia or Renal Agenesis are nine times more likely to have an Omphalocele than those without (odds ratio = 0.994, 95 percent confidence range = 0.986-1.002). Conclusion: It is a noninvasive imaging technique that is incredibly sensitive and accurate while also being quite affordable in the hands of a skilled professional. At least during the second trimester, obstetricians should encourage their patients to get regular ultrasounds.
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