Anxiety is a complex emotional condition that is often described as a noxious internal disturbance that is accompanied by restlessness. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of preoperative anxiety and to find out main risk factors among patients waiting for open heart surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at cardiac centers of Rawalpindi. A total of 180 respondents who were admitted in hospital for open heart surgery were consecutively selected for the purpose of the study. APAIS and STAI were used to collect data regarding preoperative anxiety. Adjusted odd ratios were determined for the major risk factors. Results: Majority were males (64.4%) and were 20-46 years of age (48.3%). It can be seen that patients who presented low levels of preoperative anxiety were slightly higher in number as compared to those who presented high levels of anxiety. Females, patients of younger age group (20-46 years) and those undergoing valvular surgeries were more prone to develop all subtypes of preoperative anxiety (p value<0.05). While surgery schedule is also a main predictor of anxiety due to anaesthesia and procedure (p value<0.05). Conclusions: Majority of the patients undergoing open heart surgery presented low levels of preoperative anxiety while females, younger patients and those undergoing valvular surgeries were considered more susceptible of developing preoperative anxiety.
Purpose: To find out level of awareness of parents regarding eye diseases, eye care needs and eye care practices among children of district Swat. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Hospitals of Tehsil Babuzai, District Swat, Pakistan from 15th March to 15th August 2022. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 parents of Tehsil Babuzai, District Swat, Pakistan. Data was collected through an interview-based questionnaire which was divided into four main parts; socio-demographic data, knowledge about eye care, knowledge about eye diseases and eye care practices. Chi-square test was used to find out association among categorical variables. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: Knowledge about eye care was good in 112 parents (56.0%) and poor in 88 parents (44.0%). Knowledge was good regarding amblyopia in 82 (41.0%) parents, for childhood cataract in 63 (31.5%), and for congenital glaucoma in 56 (28.0%) parents. Attitude regarding children wearing spectacles and allowing ophthalmic surgery was positive in 179 (89.5%) and 165 (82.5%) parents, respectively. Most common eye diseases identified were refractive error (50.9%), followed by amblyopia (23.6%). Participants with higher education level and those having child with existing eye problems had significantly higher knowledge and practices scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A considerable heterogeneity was observed between different social groups regarding children’s ocular problems and practices. Health care communities must play their role in communicating health information to illiterate parents in order to improve their knowledge and practices regarding ocular issues of their children.
Health care professionals are at a higher risk of developing secondary traumatic stress due to various factors related to the nature of their job. Objectives: To assess the level, severity & factors associated with secondary traumatic stress symptoms among health care professionals working with trauma victims in tertiary care hospitals of Islamabad. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which 170 healthcare professionals participated from both public and private tertiary care hospitals of Islamabad. Data were collected by using STS Scale, TIPI and demographics. Analyses was done using independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Results: The results showed, 94(55.3%) and 71(41.7 %) little and mild to moderate level of STS in healthcare professionals respectively. Female gender was significantly associated with STS (p = 0.01) along with MBBS graduates (p = 0.02) and junior doctors (p = 0.01) showed symptoms of STS. Those who were exposed to trauma multiple times had significant association STS. Emotionally stable personality trait of the healthcare professionals had an indirect relation with the development STS symptoms (r= -0.46). Conclusions: The results emphasized hospital administration to take measures in order to reduce stress level especially among female HCWs, junior doctors and those who had multiple exposure of trauma. If necessary steps are not taken, this stress may lead to worse mental health of this target population
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