Anxiety is a complex emotional condition that is often described as a noxious internal disturbance that is accompanied by restlessness. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of preoperative anxiety and to find out main risk factors among patients waiting for open heart surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at cardiac centers of Rawalpindi. A total of 180 respondents who were admitted in hospital for open heart surgery were consecutively selected for the purpose of the study. APAIS and STAI were used to collect data regarding preoperative anxiety. Adjusted odd ratios were determined for the major risk factors. Results: Majority were males (64.4%) and were 20-46 years of age (48.3%). It can be seen that patients who presented low levels of preoperative anxiety were slightly higher in number as compared to those who presented high levels of anxiety. Females, patients of younger age group (20-46 years) and those undergoing valvular surgeries were more prone to develop all subtypes of preoperative anxiety (p value<0.05). While surgery schedule is also a main predictor of anxiety due to anaesthesia and procedure (p value<0.05). Conclusions: Majority of the patients undergoing open heart surgery presented low levels of preoperative anxiety while females, younger patients and those undergoing valvular surgeries were considered more susceptible of developing preoperative anxiety.
Health care professionals are at a higher risk of developing secondary traumatic stress due to various factors related to the nature of their job. Objectives: To assess the level, severity & factors associated with secondary traumatic stress symptoms among health care professionals working with trauma victims in tertiary care hospitals of Islamabad. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which 170 healthcare professionals participated from both public and private tertiary care hospitals of Islamabad. Data were collected by using STS Scale, TIPI and demographics. Analyses was done using independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Results: The results showed, 94(55.3%) and 71(41.7 %) little and mild to moderate level of STS in healthcare professionals respectively. Female gender was significantly associated with STS (p = 0.01) along with MBBS graduates (p = 0.02) and junior doctors (p = 0.01) showed symptoms of STS. Those who were exposed to trauma multiple times had significant association STS. Emotionally stable personality trait of the healthcare professionals had an indirect relation with the development STS symptoms (r= -0.46). Conclusions: The results emphasized hospital administration to take measures in order to reduce stress level especially among female HCWs, junior doctors and those who had multiple exposure of trauma. If necessary steps are not taken, this stress may lead to worse mental health of this target population
Objectives: To report rule similarity and axis symmetry patterns in young subjects with bilateral astigmatism. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from October 1, 2018, to March 31, 2019, and comprised diagnosed cases of bilateral astigmatism of either gender aged 15-45 years. After giving detailed ophthalmic history, all the participants underwent autorefraction followed by subjective refraction. Based on refractive status, rule similarity was categorised as isorule or anisorule, while axis symmetry was categorised as direct or mirror. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 204 participants, 128(62.7%) were males and 76(37.3%) were females. The overall mean age was 26.64±8.44 years. Isorule astigmatism was present in 169(82.8%) participants, while 125(61.3%) had a mirror pattern of axis symmetry. Under the mirror and direct symmetry models, the medians of absolute difference in the axis of fellow eyes were 10 and 5 degrees respectively from exact symmetry. No significant association of rule similarity or symmetry of axis was found with age or gender (p>0.05), while significant association was found between rule similarity and type of astigmatism (p<0.001). Conclusions: Bilateral astigmatism of isorule category was found in majority of the participants, while mirror symmetry of the axis was more common than direct symmetry. Key Words: Astigmatism, Axis, Refractive errors, Rule similarity, Symmetry. Continuous...
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