Potter's sequence is a rare fatal disorder that occurs in sporadic and autosomal recessive forms with an incidence of 1 in 4000 births. Babies born with this condition are either still born or die very early within the neonatal period. We report a case of Potter's sequence with the typical physical findings and histological findings.

We present a rare case of a 30-year-old woman who presented with a swelling on the lateral aspect of her left forearm, present since 6 months, adjacent to a 16-year-old burn scar. X-ray of elbow joint and forearm revealed the subcutaneous nature of the swelling. Giemsa and periodic acid-Schiff-stained smears and potassium hydroxide mount of fine-needle aspirate of the swelling revealed dematiaceous, branching, and septate fungal hyphae. Fungal culture of the aspirated pus showed growth of Exophiala jeanselmei. Histopathological examination revealed brown-coloured hyphae with foreign body giant cell reaction and palisading granulomas in the surrounding tissue. The patient was successfully treated with surgical excision of the swelling. All the cases of phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala spp. in India are also reviewed.

Background:Rapid diagnosis of surgically removed specimens has created many controversies and a single completely reliable method has not yet been developed. Histopathology of a paraffin section remains the ultimate gold standard in tissue diagnosis. Frozen section is routinely used by the surgical pathology laboratories for intraoperative diagnosis. The use of either frozen section or cytological examination alone has an acceptable rate (93–97%) of correct diagnosis, with regard to interpretation of benign versus malignant.Aim:To evaluate the utility of scrape cytology for the rapid diagnosis of surgically removed tumors and its utilisation for learning cytopathology.Materials and Methods:75 surgically removed specimens from various organs and systems were studied. Scrapings were taken from each specimen before formalin fixation and stained by modified rapid Papanicolaou staining.Results:Of the 75 cases studied, 73 could be correctly differentiated into benign and malignant tumors, with an accuracy rate of 97.3%.Conclusions:Intraoperative scrape cytology is useful for intraoperative diagnosis of tumor, where facilities for frozen section are not available. The skill and expertise developed by routinely practicing intraoperative cytology can be applied to the interpretation of fine needle aspirate smears. Thus, apart from its diagnostic role, intraoperative cytology can become a very useful learning tool in the field of cytopathology.

Background:Rejecting hemolyzed specimens received for coagulation studies is advised by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Receiving such specimens is a common phenomenon in many laboratories. The true impact of hemolysis on coagulation studies is little studied in clinical practice. Aim: The aim of this work is to study the changes occurring in readings of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in hemolyzed samples.Subjects and Methods:A total of 45 blood samples were collected from two groups of healthy donors and patient population. Samples were run for PT and aPTT and then were hemolyzed and again rerun for PT and aPTT. GraphPad Prism 5 (Version 5, USA) was the software used for statistical analysis and paired “t” test was applied with significance level at 0.05.Results:There was trend of increase in the readings of PT and aPTT in normal population and there was trend of decrease in the reading in patient population. The difference between paired samples from group one was not statistically significant, but it was significant in samples from second group.Conclusion:Samples sent for routine screening of coagulation studies with visible hemolysis can be processed for coagulation. There was no difference observed in hemolyzed and non-hemolyzed samples.

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BACKGROUND:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic syndrome, characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovary. With serological markers of autoimmunity found elevated in PCOS, there is a possible link between autoimmunity and PCOS.AIM:The study aimed to investigate the possible correlation between autoimmune markers of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and PCOS.SETTING AND DESIGN:This case control study was conducted at the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care academic center during a 1-year period.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Fifty-five subjects with clinical PCOS and 51 age matched control non-PCOS subjects were recruited and subjected to clinical, biochemical, and endocrinal evaluation for AIT. All subjects underwent blood glucose and serum sampling for luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, dehydroepi androsterone, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-thyroglobulin (Tg), and insulin.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 12 for Windows. The quantitative variables are described as mean ± standard deviation. To compare quantitative variables between two groups, unpaired t-test was used. The Chi-square/Fischer's exact test was used to compare qualitative variables. ANOVA was used to compare the PCOS and non-PCOS groups. P < 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS:Significantly higher prevalence of AIT (anti-Tg antibodies) was noted in subjects with PCOS as compared to non-PCOS control subjects (P < 0.05). The PCOS subjects had higher insulin resistance index and also twice the level of LH: FSH ratio as compared to controls.CONCLUSION:Higher prevalence of AIT in PCOS subjects suggest possible role of autoimmune phenomenon in the etiopathogenesis of PCOS. More data from longitudinal follow-up studies is required to clearly establish this possible link.