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The antioxidant status as well as protein composition of faba bean leaves infected with Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and the effect of salicylic acid application was examined in this paper. Some modifications in the antioxidant status were observed by changing some antioxidant enzymes activities and contents of antioxidant metabolites. BYMV-infected leaves revealed POD, CAT, APX and SOD induced activities while SA treatments could inhibit POD, CAT activities but induced SOD activity. The enzyme activities seemed to be SA concentration dependant. Higher H 2 O 2 and MDA concentrations were recorded in virus-infected leaves than those of the corresponding controls while treatment with SA followed by virus inoculation caused lowering of MDA concentration and reducing the damage due to lipid peroxidation. Moreover, because of virus infection and/or SA treatments, an increase in the amounts of phenolics and flavonoids was noticed. As compared to the control, BYMV infection or SA application caused pronounced increase in the antioxidant activity of leaf extracts detected by DPPH assay, indicating an increase in the amounts of antioxidant compounds occurred. To test the protein composition, the contents of each protein fractions (soluble, insoluble and total) were analyzed and the change in protein patterns was visualized using SDS-PAGE. The BYMV-infected bean leaves had protein contents higher than the control indicating accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins. Moreover, spraying SA with or without virus inoculation could accumulate soluble, insoluble and total proteins and the pattern of increase was in accordance with SA concentration. Alterations in protein patterns were observed in faba bean leaves (Vicia faba cv Giza 461) in response to BYMV infection and SA treatments. Because of BYMV infection and SA treatments, the protein profiles showed new bands in comparison to the control. Some polypeptides were highly accumulated in treatments of SA followed by virus inoculation. Changing antioxidant status and accumulation of some antioxidant metabolites as well as the pronounced alterations in the protein composition indicate a kind of plant response against pathogen invasion and in case of SA treatment it is considered a way by which a defence response was initiated and/or activated.

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The current research has centered on the use of pharmacological and binding affinity methods to test the 36 compounds as bioactive constituents’ inhibitors for COVID-19. Six compounds out of 36 phytoconstituents (rutin, quercetin, catechin gallate, rhamnetin, campesterol and stigmasterol) have demonstrated outstanding molecular docking and drug-like properties as HIV inhibitors Lopinavir and Indinavir. Interestingly, the lowest binding energies (LBE) and the inhibition constant ( K i ) have showed that these compounds are able to bind to the P-glycoprotein substrate of 3CL pro and Nsp15. Interestingly, rutin has been found to be an excellent potential inhibitor for COVID-19 proteins because it has the best LBE score and K i value than those of other compounds, and of its ability to form strong H-bonds with COVID-19 proteins. The compounds that come next to the rutin compound are stigmasterol and campesterol. As a result, these compounds are considered possible novel inhibitors of COVID-19. In order to validate the computational results, more in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to support the findings of this research.

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Seed-borne fungi of bean are a serious problem worldwide causing damping-off and wilt diseases on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Several pathogenic fungal were isolated from seed samples collected from commercial markets in Egypt (Pronco, Nebraska, Giza 3, Giza 6 and Tema). Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani were the common fungi isolated from seeds followed by Alternaria sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Helminthosporium sp. and Penicillium spp. Pathogenicity test indicated that, F. oxysporum and R. solani isolates were the most fungal isolates significantly induced damping off on bean plants. Bean seeds treated with peppermint oil caused a highly reduction in the infection and reduced fungal transmission from seeds to seedlings. Furthermore, vigor of bean seedlings raised from the treated seeds was better than that developed from the untreated ones which was reflected in the improved properties of the plant and increased the crop in the future.