Abstract-3D stacked circuits reduce communication delay in multicore system-on-chips (SoCs) and enable heterogeneous integration of cores, memories, sensors, and RF devices. However, vertical integration of layers exacerbates the reliability and thermal problems, and cooling is a limiting factor in multitier systems. Liquid cooling is a highly efficient solution to overcome the accelerated thermal problems in 3D architectures; however, liquid cooling brings new challenges in modeling and runtime management. This paper proposes a novel controller for improving energy efficiency and reliability in 3D systems through liquid cooling management and dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS). The proposed fuzzy controller adjusts the liquid flow rate at runtime to match the cooling demand for preventing energy wastage of over-cooling and for maintaining a stable thermal profile. The DVFS decisions provide chip-level energy savings and help balancing the temperature across the system. Experimental results on 8-and 16-core multicore SoCs show that the controller prevents the system to exceed the given threshold temperature while reducing cooling energy by up to 50% and system-level energy by up to 21% in comparison to using a static worst-case flow rate setting.
Abstract-While possessing the potential to replace conventional air-cooled heat sinks, inter-tier microchannel liquid cooling of 3D ICs also creates the problem of increased thermal gradients from the fluid inlet to outlet ports [1,2]. These cooling-induced thermal gradients can be high enough to create undesirable stress in the ICs, undermining the structural reliability and lifetimes. In this paper, we present a novel design-time solution for the thermal gradient problem in liquid-cooled 3D Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) architectures. The proposed method is based on channel width modulation and provides the designers with an additional dimension in the design-space exploration. We formulate the channel width modulation as an optimal control design problem to minimize the temperature gradients in the 3D IC while meeting the design constraints. The proposed thermal balancing technique uses an analytical model for forced convective heat transfer in microchannels, and has been applied to a two tier 3D-MPSoC. The results show that the proposed approach can reduce thermal gradients by up to 31% when applied to realistic 3D-MPSoC architectures, while maintaining pressure drops in the microchannels well below their safe limits of operation.
Abstract-Recent advances in process technology augment the systems-on-chip (SoCs) functionality per unit area with the substantial decrease of device features. However, features abatement triggers new reliability issues such as the single-event multi-bit upset (SMU) failure rates augmentation. To mitigate these failure rates, we propose a novel error mitigation mechanism that relies on a hybrid HW-SW technique. In our proposal, we enforce SoC SRAMs by implementing a fault-tolerant memory buffer with minimal capacity to ensure error-free operation. We utilize this buffer to temporarily store a portion of the stored data, named a data chunk, that is used to restore another data chunk in a fully demand-driven way, in case the latter is faulty. We formulate the buffer and data chunk size selection as an optimization problem that targets energy overhead minimization, given that timing and area overheads are restricted with hard constraints decided beforehand by the system designers. We show that our proposed mitigation scheme achieves full error mitigation in a real SoC platform with an average of 10.1% energy overhead with respect to a base-line system operation, while guaranteeing all the designtime constraints.
his research aimed at figuring out the effect of interaction between Presentation Patterns of the Infographic (static/ animated) and the learning styles (global/sequential) in an adaptive learning environment and its Effect on the Development of Programming Skills of Secondary school students, To such a purpose, a PHP-based programming skills list and an adaptive learning environment-related criteria have been prepared. Instruments of the study consisted of an achievement test and an observation sheet.The research's sample was (20) secondary school students who are classified into four experimental groups according to their favorite patterns of the Infographic and the suitable learning styles for them. The results show a positive effect of such interaction between the patterns of the Infographic and the learning styles in an adaptive learning environment for the purpose of boosting the programming skills of the secondary school students, and the efficiency of the adaptive electronic learning environment in providing content to each student,
A n investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of different penetration enhancers in various concentrations on the release of diclofenac sodium (DFS) as a water-soluble drug from Cellulose acetate phthalate polymeric films containing 50% w/w PEG 600 as plasticizer, to choose the most appropriate enhancer and its optimum concentration to be used to achieve the maximum release and permeation of the drug. The addition of various enhancers, as isopropylmyristate (IPM; 0.2_5% w/w), oleic acid (OA; 0.2_5% w/w) and linoleic acid (LOA; 0.2_5% w/w), Tween 80 (T80;1_10% w/w) and transcutol, (TC; 1_10% w/w) enhanced the DFS release from the polymeric films. The enhancement ratio of the penetration enhancers used in the formulation of DFS were found to increase in the order of IPM>LOA>OA>T80>TC. (56.2, 54.1, 50, 48.7 and 48%, respectively). In vitro permeation studies were performed using rabbit abdominal skin as the permeating membrane. The results indicated that maximum permeation was obtained at 24hrs (0.5% IPM, 0.2% LOA, 1% OA, 0.5% T80 and 10% TC, increased skin permeation of DFS by 4.46, 4.06, 3.37, 1.65 and 1.49 time, respectively). IPM was found to be the most efficient enhancer. The results obtained from ANOVA test indicate that the difference in drug permeation rates is highly significant compared to the control formulation (P<0.05). The mechanism of drug release from the polymeric films obey Higuchi's model.
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