A growing body of research has investigated the association between inositol and diabetes. The purpose of this review is to report through a systematic way the current scientific evidence relating potential benefits of inositol isomers on diabetes/gestational diabetes. The screening of the studies published last decade was performed in 4 databases (Pubmed-Web of Science-The Cochrane Library-Lilacs). Among the 1640 studies identified in the search, only 26 studies had sufficient data to be included in the systematic review. The available literature suggests that inositol seems to be provide improvements in fasting blood glucose and other biochemical results, which are among the most important parameters in diabetic individuals. Although there are some studies demonstrating that inositol may be effective in prevention and treatment of diabetes/ gestational diabetes, conduction of studies with larger sample and longer follow-up duration is required for it to be represented as an effective strategy in management of diabetes.

Nonclassical target organs recently defined for vitamin D, a major regulator of calcium phosphorus homeostasis and bone health, include reproductive ones. This compilation study focuses on the potential effects of vitamin D on female reproductive functions. Vitamin D receptor enzymes that metabolize vitamin D are expressed in both central and peripheral reproductive organs. Most studies suggest that vitamin D may be directly or indirectly related to gonadal functions. Vitamin D's effects on reproductive functions may be indirectly related to diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), uterine leiomyomas, and endometriosis. In case of vitamin D deficiency during infertility treatment, vitamin D supplementation can be recommended especially for women who have PCOS, insulin resistance, or low anti-Mullerian hormone levels. Supplementation, however, should take into account possible toxic effects of high-dose vitamin D. To be able to recommend measuring vitamin D as a routine screening test and to better understand the effects of vitamin D and its supplementation on female reproductive functions, larger randomized controlled prospective studies are needed.

The present study was carried out with parents of 520 healthy children between the ages of 2-12 and their parents who were referred to the diet polyclinic of a hospital in Ankara. The data were collected through personal interviews. The interviews included identifying the characteristics of the child and his/her parents, anthropometric measurements, questions investigating eating status, and the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire. According to the body mass index-Z scores, there were differences between subgroups of food responsiveness, emotional overeating, enjoyment of food, food fussiness, and slowness in eating. The gender-based desire to drink score was, on average, higher in boys. No gender-based differences were found in other subgroups, whereas the scores in the food fussiness and slowness in eating and emotional undereating were higher in the preschool group when analyzed by age. In conclusion, eating behaviors of overweight and obese children differ from those of normal and underweight children.

Purpose: This study was carried out to determine the relationship of daily dietary fructose intake with body composition and some biochemical parameters in individuals with diabetes.Method and material: A total of 156 individuals with diabetes, 53 men and 103 women, between the ages of 30 and 65 ( =51±8.59 years old) participated in the study. Research data was obtained through face-to-face interviews conducted by the researcher using a questionnaire, which included general information, dietary habits, daily food consumption record.Results: The fructose intake of the men was 13.2±12.09 g/day and that of the women was 13.6±11.10 g/day (p>0.05). The ratios of the daily dietary energy intake from fructose were 7.4±5.56% and 7.4±5.34% in men and women, respectively. It was determined that the individuals consuming the highest levels of fructose (Q4) had higher BMI, waist circumference and average visceral fat, serum VLDL-C, HbA1c levels and lower serum HDL-C levels than the individuals consuming the lowest levels of fructose (Q1). It was observed that Q4 obtain higher levels of energy, carbohydrates and fat than Q1 (p<0.05). Prevalence of obesity was found to be the lowest (59.0%) in the group intake the lowest levels of fructose and the highest (64.1%) in the group intake the highest levels of fructose (p>0.05).Conclusion: Further studies are needed to develop more specific suggestions regarding fructose intake and to better understand the relationship between fructose intakes, body composition and biochemical parameters in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the perception and knowledge of standard food/meal portion size and related factors in young adults. Design/methodology/approach The present study was conducted on 1,000 volunteer young adults, consisting of 504 men and 496 women (18 and 28 years). The portion size of food/meal, amount of food measuring utensils and also nutritional knowledge were evaluated via a questionnaire and some visual materials. Findings Knowledge of portion sizes, amount of food each utensil holds and nutrition was evaluated via a questionnaire and some visual materials. Knowledge of portion size with respect to food groups (p = 0.015), meals (p < 0.001) and food measuring utensils (p = 0.002) and nutritional knowledge scores (p = 0.011) differed based on body mass indexes (BMI). Women had on mean a higher nutritional knowledge score than men (2.0 ± 1.3, 1.9 ± 1.1 points, respectively). The probability of having knowledge about food measuring utensils was 1.4-fold greater for individuals who had been previously educated about nutrition (p = 0.034). Individuals of the faculty of health sciences had higher mean scores for all portion scores (p < 0.05). Originality/value The study findings highlighted that portion knowledge and perception of young adults were affected by gender, BMI, enrolled faculty and nutritional knowledge status. This is the first study, through which the portion knowledge and perception subcomponents (food, meal and measuring utensils) are evaluated, indicating each subcomponent to be affected by distinct factors.

Maternal beslenme birçok bulaşıcı olmayan kronik hastalığın gelişiminde belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Gebelik boyunca maternal beslenme durumu programlanmada değişikliklere neden olup yetişkin dönem hastalıklarının gelişimine katkıda bulunabilir. Plasenta yetmezliği, glukokortikoidlere maruz kalma, beslenme yetersizlikleri ya da fazlalıkları ve stres gibi çeşitli perinatal sorunlar ile birlikte maternal intestinal mikrobiyom fetusun/yavrunun gelişimini değiştirerek kronik bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların oluşmasında yatkınlığa yol açabilir. Aynı zamanda gebelik sürecince yapılan beslenme müdahaleleri, programlama sürecinin tersine çevrilerek bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların önlenmesini amaçlayan yeni stratejilerin oluşturabilmesi için çok değerlidir. Fetal gelişim sırasında gen ekspresyonu epigenetik mekanizmalardan etkilenebilir. Özellikle deoksiribonükleik asit metilasyonunda rol alan genlerin epigenetik modifikasyonları, histon modifikasyonları ve mikroRNA’lar hayatın sonraki dönemlerinde metabolik hastalıkların gelişimine katkıda bulunabilir. Bu derlemede epidemiyolojik çalışmalar ve hayvan modellerinden elde edilen veriler ışığında maternal beslenmenin fetal programlama üzerine etkilerinin altında yatan mekanizmalardan biri olan epigenetik mekanizmalar ele alınmıştır.

Şeker, hem enerji içeriği hem de tadı nedeniyle beynimizdeki ödül sistemini tetikleyen lezzetli bir besindir ve yiyecek bağımlılığına neden olan işlenmiş besinlerin ana yüzünü oluşturmaktadır. Şekerin beyindeki, genel etkileri ve özellikle de beynin ödül yolaklarında etkileri yoğun bir araştırma ve tartışma alanı olmuştur. Şeker tüketimi, mezokortikolimbik sistemi madde kullanımıyla benzer şekilde aktive eder. Şeker alımına bağlı olarak beyinde dopamin D1 reseptör bağlanmasında artış ve D2 reseptör bağlantısında azalma olmakta ve dopamin seviyelerinde oluşan bu değişiklik önce yoksunluğa, ardından devam eden şeker alımına yol açabilmektedir. Kanda yüksek şeker seviyeleri periferik olarak salınan iştah hormonlarının düzenlenmesinin yanı sıra, hipotalamik iştah peptitlerini de etkilemektedir. Beyin nörokimyasında şeker alımıyla oluşan bu değişiklikler büyüklük bakımından daha küçük olmasına rağmen madde kullanımı ile meydana gelen değişikliklere benzerdir. Şekerin insan sağlığı üzerinde yarattığı olumsuz sonuçlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda oluşturabileceği bağımlılığın ciddi sonuçlar yaratacağı açıktır. Bu sebeplere dayanarak, şeker tüketiminin azaltılması adına, hem bireysel hem de toplum sağlığına yönelik, devletin ve endüstrinin birlikte hareket ettiği adımlar atılması önem taşımaktadır.

In terms of protecting and improving health, it is important to make suggestions using fast and short tools to ensure adequate calcium intake from young age. It is thought that FFQs are the most appropriate methods in assessing daily calcium intake for this study group because it is observed that the list of foods and the amount of portions in FFQs reduce the problem of remembering at 24-h method to a great extent.