This study compares the effects of conventional controlled-rate freezing and vitrification on the morphology and metabolism of in vitro-produced bovine blastocysts. Day 7 expanded blastocysts cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid with 5% fetal calf serum were frozen in 1.36 M glycerol, 0.25 M sucrose or vitrified in 25% glycerol, 25% ethylene glycol. Cell alterations and in vitro development were evaluated immediately after thawing or after 72 h. The effect of cryopreservation on inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE) cell number as well as glucose, pyruvate, and oxygen uptakes, and lactate release by blastocysts were evaluated. Immediately after thawing, blastocysts showed equivalent cell membrane permeabilization after both cryopreservation procedures, while alterations in nuclear staining were more frequent in vitrified embryos. After culture, similar survival and hatching rates were observed. Both procedures decreased cell number immediately after thawing and after 72 h. However, the number of TE cells was lower in frozen embryos than in vitrified ones. In relation to this, frozen blastocysts showed a decrease in glucose, pyruvate, and oxygen uptake, although those parameters were not altered in vitrified embryos. An increased glycolytic activity was also observed in frozen embryos, indicating a stress response to this procedure.

No abstract

The use of low-energy photon emitters for brachytherapy applications, as in the treatment of prostate or ocular tumours, has increased significantly over the last few years. Several new seed models utilizing 103Pd and 125I have recently been introduced. Following the TG43U1 recommendations of the AAPM (American Association of Physicists in Medicine) (Rivard et al 2004 Med. Phys. 31 633), dose distributions around these low-energy photon emitters are characterized by the dose rate constant, the radial dose function and the anisotropy function in water. These functions and constants can be measured for each new seed in a solid phantom (i.e. solid water such as WT1) using high spatial resolution detectors such as very small thermoluminescent detectors. These experimental results in solid water must then be converted into liquid water by using Monte Carlo simulations. This paper presents the dosimetric parameters of a new palladium seed, OptiSeed (produced by International Brachytherapy (IBt), Seneffe, Belgium), made with a biocompatible polymeric shell and with a design that differs from the hollow titanium encapsulated seed, InterSource103, produced by the same company. A polymer encapsulation was chosen by the company IBt in order to reduce the quantity of radioactive material needed for a given dose rate, and to improve the symmetry of the radiation field around the seed. The necessary experimental data were obtained by measurements with LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters (1 mm3) in a solid water phantom (WT1) and then converted to values in liquid water using Monte Carlo calculations (MCNP-4C). Comparison of the results with a previous study by Reniers et al (2002 Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57 805) shows very good agreement for the dose rate constant and for the radial dose function. In addition, the results also indicate an improvement in isotropy compared to a conventional titanium encapsulated seed. The relative dose (anisotropy value relative to 90 degrees ) from the seed at a distance of 3 cm is close to 70% at 0 degrees whereas that for the titanium encapsulated InterSource103seed is close to 40%. This paper also presents some new Monte Carlo calculations relating to shadowing produced by the seeds in an array implanted for a prostate cancer treatment. Recently, Mobit and Badragan (2004 Phys. Med. Biol. 49 3171) reported shadowing resulting in a 10% decrease in dose from titanium encapsulated 125I seed. We used Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP-4C) to evaluate shadowing for the InterSource103 titanium encapsulated seed and the OptiSeed polymer encapsulated seed. For a specific geometry specified, dose decreases of 13% and 7% were found for the InterSource103 titanium encapsulated and the OptiSeed polymer encapsulated seed, respectively.

Although toxic for early stages of embryo development, glucose is a physiological metabolic substrate at the morula and blastocyst stages. We evaluated the effect of adding 5.5 mM glucose from the morula stage on bovine blastocyst development and quality. In vitro matured and fertilised bovine oocytes were cultured in modified Synthetic Oviduct Fluid medium containing 5% fetal calf serum, but without added glucose, up to day 5 post-insemination (pi). Morulae were selected and further cultured in the presence or absence of 5.5 mM glucose. Blastocyst and hatched blastocyst rates were recorded. Oxygen, glucose and pyruvate uptakes as well as lactate release were evaluated. The quality of the resulting blastocysts was evaluated by the cell allocation to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) and by the apoptotic index. Adding glucose increased the blastocyst rate at day 8 pi (80% vs 65%) but had no impact on hatching rate (25% vs 28%). A 22% decrease in oxygen uptake was observed in the presence of glucose, concomitant with an increase in lactate release, although no change was observed in pyruvate uptake. A slight decrease in blastocyst cell number was observed at day 7 in the presence of glucose while neither the ICM/TE cell ratio nor the apoptotic index were affected. In conclusion, adding 5.5 mM glucose from the morula stage has a limited impact on blastocyst rate and quality although important modifications were observed in embryo metabolism. It remains to be determined whether those modifications could influence embryo viability after transfer.

My experience in Haiti was remarkable, life changing, as well as challenging. Out of a group of five students, it is fair to say that I was one of the most nervous and apprehensive of them all. Having never been to Haiti, I fell victim to the socially accepted stereotype of Haiti as a dangerous, uninhabitable country. Being convinced of this negative perception, I was expecting to enter a war zone and witness only the depressing images of poverty that the media displays when showing Haiti. Fortunately, my experience proved my preconceived notions wrong; being in Haiti allowed me to witness the country's richness in culture and history as well as its significance in the world. Although Haiti is close to America geographically, it does not share the same cultural aspects as does the United States. It is culturally quite different. These differences have led to Haiti having produced a large body of anthropological scholarship, primarily because of its unique history. It has therefore played a large role in sociocultural anthropology that, in turn, has had a significant impact on my anthropological training. I can therefore say that the major distressing events that struck Haiti, such as the earthquake and all other events that helped make it an impoverished country, need an area of study like anthropology to help comprehend how and why a country like Haiti is where it is today.