Background Headache is a common neurological disorder, with a global prevalence of around 50%. It may affect people of any age, gender, education, socioeconomic status and occupation. Tension headache, migraine headache and cluster headache are commonly encountered headache types. The prevalence of headache problems is higher among medical students. This could potentially affect their academic performance and quality of life. The objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of headaches and their clinical characteristics among students of a medical college. Materials and methods An online, single-centre, cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students in Nepal. Stratified sampling followed by a simple random sampling technique was adopted depending upon the academic years of students. For data collection, pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used. The data entry and analysis were done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS), version-23. The prevalence of headache and its subtypes were calculated. All the clinical characteristics associated with headaches were also studied. Results The prevalence of headache disorder was 65 (26.86%), with tension headache (69.23%) being the commonest one. It was highest among fourth-year students (37.84%) followed by first-year students (33.33%). Anxiety/stress (75.40%) was the most common precipitating factor. This problem stopped most of the students (63.09%) from doing daily activities. More than half of them (53.85%) practised self-medication in case of non-resolution of pain, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were frequently used. Conclusion Headache was fairly prevalent among medical students. Anxiety/stress in medical life has led to headaches in the majority of students. The headache disturbed their daily activities and promoted self-medication practice. So, this problem should be properly looked into and addressed in time by the concerned authority.

Introduction and importance: Kartagener’s syndrome is a rare, ciliopathic autosomal recessive genetic disorder that comprises a triad of situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis leading to recurrent respiratory infections due to ciliary dyskinesia and thereby progressive deterioration of lung function. Additional clinical features of infertility, otitis media, and rhinitis are also seen in patients. Case presentation: The authors hereby present a case of Kartagener’s syndrome in a 40-year-old male with a repeated respiratory infection and bronchial asthma. He was received at the emergency room with symptoms of hemoptysis, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis of cystic bronchiectasis with superadded infection was made based on clinical examinations and radiological assessments. He was treated in high-dependency unit. After 5 days of relieving therapeutic interventions in the hospital, he was discharged without further complication. Clinical discussions: Early diagnosis of Kartagener’s syndrome is likely to be beneficial as it helps delay deterioration of lung function to prevent complications and improve the quality of life of patients but the diagnosis of this syndrome is usually delayed as it is a rare disease, especially in countries with lack of complex diagnostic facilities. So, assessment for this syndrome has to be done in patients presenting with chronic and recurrent respiratory infections for correct timely diagnosis to have a good patient-centric healthcare facility.

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