Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with waves of electrical and magnetic energy transmitted at different frequencies. They are widely used in various industries, including the food industry, telecommunications, weather forecasting, and in the field of medicine. Microwave applications in medicine are relatively a new field of growing interest, with a significant trend in healthcare research and development. The first application of microwaves in medicine dates to the 1980s in the treatment of cancer via ablation therapy; since then, their applications have been expanded. Significant advances have been made in reconstructing microwave data for imaging and sensing applications in the field of healthcare. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled microwave systems can be developed to augment healthcare, including clinical decision making, guiding treatment, and increasing resource-efficient facilities. An overview of recent developments in several areas of microwave applications in medicine, namely microwave imaging, dielectric spectroscopy for tissue classification, molecular diagnostics, telemetry, biohazard waste management, diagnostic pathology, biomedical sensor design, drug delivery, ablation treatment, and radiometry, are summarized. In this contribution, we outline the current literature regarding microwave applications and trends across the medical industry and how it sets a platform for creating AI-based microwave solutions for future advancements from both clinical and technical aspects to enhance patient care.
Minimal change disease is an important cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, however, few cases are seen among adults. There is very little literature regarding the occurrence of minimal change disease in adults. We reported a case of a 63-year-old male who presented with the complaint of swelling around the eyes mostly during the morning for 18 days and frothing of urine for 7 days. On examination, the patient was ill-looking and had edema around the eyes and over the ankles. After preliminary investigations, renal biopsy was performed and electron microscopy revealed diffuse effacement of foot processes of visceral epithelial cells suggesting minimal change disease (podocytopathy). The patient has been treated with tablet prednisolone 60 mg per oral once daily, tablet ramipril 2.5 mg per oral once daily, and tablet torsemide 20 mg per oral twice daily. Hence, minimal change disease should also be considered as a differential diagnosis in adults presenting with the features of nephrotic syndrome.
Sturge–Weber syndrome is a rare congenital neurocutaneous disorder characterized by dermatological, ophthalmological, and neurological manifestations. It occurs due to abnormal persistence of embryonic vascular plexus. Here, we describe a case of four years seven months female with seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and bilateral port-wine stain diagnosed as type I (classical) Sturge–Weber syndrome. The ophthalmological evaluation was unremarkable. Electroencephalogram showed abnormalities suggestive of a structural lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere. CT scan of the head revealed volume loss of right brain parenchyma with linear, cortical, as well as subcortical calcifications more evident in the right hemisphere. The child should be followed up regularly until adulthood for ophthalmological evaluation, recurrence of seizures, and other manifestations of this disorder.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare life‐threatening condition characterized by widespread activation of the immune system leading to tissue damage all over the body. It is divided into primary HLH due to inborn error in lymphocytes, T cells, and macrophages and secondary HLH which is mostly due to infections, systemic connective tissue diseases, and lymphoid malignancies. Here, we report a 34‐year‐old man with a history of high‐grade fever, chills, and rigor, eschar, splenomegaly with the laboratory findings of thrombocytopenia, hypochromic RBCs with anisocytosis and basophilic stippling, elevated transaminases, and a positive Weil Felix test along with positive PCR results for Orientia tsutsugamushi and the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies. A detailed workup was done to rule out other etiology for fever. Diagnosis of HLH secondary to Rickettsia infection was made with a thorough history, clinical evaluation, and a variety of investigations. The patient was treated with Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin, Etoposide, and Dexamethasone but unfortunately, the patient died during treatment due to multiorgan failure. Patients with scrub typhus typically respond well to therapy; therefore, early detection and antibiotic treatment can help avoid serious complications. Scrub typhus with the hemophagocytic syndrome can result in DIC and multiorgan failure. Despite its rarity, scrub typhus may be lethal; as a result, practitioners must be aware of the necessity of detecting and treating suspected cases as soon as possible. We learned that a systematic diagnostic approach, use of diagnostic criteria, and prompt treatment are very crucial in this disease.
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