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In this paper, a three-input AND logic gate is employed using a 2D photonic crystal T-shaped waveguide using a silicon in an air medium. In contrast to other gates, the key functions of employing an AND gate are recognition, error correction, code conversion, data encryption/decryption, and arithmetic operations. The proposed footprint is 8.4 µ m × 5.4 µ m , which is a modest size. The performance of the proposed AND gate is investigated by employing the finite-difference time-domain approach, and the outputs are validated at wavelength ( λ ) of 1.55 µm. The outcomes clearly show the higher contrast ratio (CR) of 24.533 dB, and the worst case CR of is 8.6 dB; transmission efficiency values for minimum and maximum values are 19.6% and 142%; reaction time is 26 fs; insertion loss is 1.52 dB; and bit rate is 38.4 Tbps, which can be used in high-speed optical signal processing. The suggested circuit’s primary objective is to consume minimal space and possess high CR.

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Universal gates (NAND and NOR) are used for any electronic circuit that is affordable and straightforward to build all logic gates (LoG). In this work, the T-shaped 2D photonic crystal (PhC) is exploited to design a three-input universal LoG premised on the beam-interference principle. The design criteria of pitch ( a ), rod radius ( r ), and refractive index ( n ) are employed to obtain a high impact output. The methodologies of plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain are employed for examining the framework of universal LoG at 1550 nm wavelengths ( λ ). The suggested universal LoG design has a compact size of 8.4 µ m × 4.8 µ m . Additionally, the structure yields a high contrast ratio (CR) of 20.37 dB for the NAND LoG and 28.45 dB for the NOR LoG, and maximum transmission efficiency of 50.6% and 70% for the NAND and NOR gates; correspondingly, the best and worst three-input NAND gate response times are 19.5 ps and 21.4 ps. Similarly, the response time of the three-input NOR gate is 26 ps. The proposed universal gate’s primary goal is to offer a high CR and a compact structure while being compatible with any other logic gate.

All-optical logic gates have proven their significance in the digital world using which all high-speed computations are calculated. In this paper, we have proposed a novel structure for all-optical AND using the concept of power combiner using Y-shaped metal-insulator-metal waveguide under the footprints of 4 µ𝑚 × 7 µ𝑚. This design works under the principle of linear interference. The insertion loss and extinction ratio of the design are given by 0.165 dB and 14.11 dB, respectively. The analysis of the design is carried out by finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method and verified using MATLAB. This minimized structure can be used to design any complex logic circuits to achieve better performance in future.

All-optical logic gates are exceptionally suited for Boolean ultrahigh-speed operation and logical computing. This study presents a plasmonic model that uses a Y-shaped metal–insulator–metal waveguide structure that realizes the ultrafast all-optical AND, XOR, and XNOR gate operation that is developed at a footprint of 6.6 µ m × 3.4 µ m with a wavelength of 1.55 µm. This construction relies on the notion of linear interference. The insertion loss and extinction ratio of the model are observed as 1.49 dB and 21.49 dB for AND, 1.03 dB and 18.97 dB for XOR, and 2.06 dB, and 10.92 dB for XNOR, respectively. The transmission efficiency, response time, and speed of the structure also are calculated and are used to improve the performance of any complex circuit in the future. The theoretical analysis of the proposed structure is carried out using the finite-difference time-domain method.

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