Design and analysis of an optical three-input AND gate using a photonic crystal fiber

Abstract

In this paper, a three-input AND logic gate is employed using a 2D photonic crystal T-shaped waveguide using a silicon in an air medium. In contrast to other gates, the key functions of employing an AND gate are recognition, error correction, code conversion, data encryption/decryption, and arithmetic operations. The proposed footprint is 8.4 µ m × 5.4 µ m , which is a modest size. The performance of the proposed AND gate is investigated by employing the finite-difference time-domain approach, and the outputs are validated at wavelength ( λ ) of 1.55 µm. The outcomes clearly show the higher contrast ratio (CR) of 24.533 dB, and the worst case CR of is 8.6 dB; transmission efficiency values for minimum and maximum values are 19.6% and 142%; reaction time is 26 fs; insertion loss is 1.52 dB; and bit rate is 38.4 Tbps, which can be used in high-speed optical signal processing. The suggested circuit’s primary objective is to consume minimal space and possess high CR.

High-Performance All-Optical Logic Operations Using Ψ-Shaped Silicon Waveguides at 1.55 μm

“…In this context, the mesh accuracy of the xyz axis is adjusted to 0.05 µm, 0.05 µm, and 0.01 µm, respectively. The obtained results indicate that when these logic functions are designed using the proposed waveguide, they can operate at 120 Gb/s and with higher CRs than other reported designs [11,[16][17][18]21,25,26,[30][31][32][33][34]. Consequently, AOLGs and signal processing could be accomplished with comparatively better performance to efficiently meet the current and future demands of modern photonic circuits and networks.…”

“…, where P and P are the mean peak powers of logic '1' and '0', respectively [13][14][15][16][17]. The default simulation parameters are given in Table 1 [25,26].…”

All-optical logic operations based on silicon-on-insulator waveguides

“…On the other hand, the development of all-optical (AO) logic technologies is fundamental to realize future telecommunication networks with the exponential growth of internet traffic. Several waveguides, including photonic crystal waveguides, 2 – 9 semiconductor platforms, 10 – 14 gold nanowire waveguides, 15 metal slot waveguides, 16 metal–insulator–metal structures, 17 dielectric–metal–dielectric design, 18 dielectric–loaded waveguides, 19 graphene–containing compact microdisks, 20 and optical amplifiers, 21 have been used to create AO logic gates in recent years. The majority of these published designs only used photonic crystals to realize one or, at most, two logic gates, 2 – 13 in contrast to the suggested waveguide, which simultaneously realized seven logic operations.…”

“…Several waveguides, including photonic crystal waveguides, 2 – 9 semiconductor platforms, 10 – 14 gold nanowire waveguides, 15 metal slot waveguides, 16 metal–insulator–metal structures, 17 dielectric–metal–dielectric design, 18 dielectric–loaded waveguides, 19 graphene–containing compact microdisks, 20 and optical amplifiers, 21 have been used to create AO logic gates in recent years. The majority of these published designs only used photonic crystals to realize one or, at most, two logic gates, 2 – 13 in contrast to the suggested waveguide, which simultaneously realized seven logic operations. Furthermore, some of these reported projects have utilized more expensive noble metals, such as gold and silver, 15 – 19 as compared to the materials (i.e., silicon and silica) used in our design.…”

Modeling and simulation of photonic crystal switching devices for high computational applications

“…Interferometer, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) [3,4], semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) [5], and nonlinear [6] phenomena such as electro-optical phenomenon, thermal optical effect and two-photon absorbance were used to develop PhC-based all-optical logic gates (LoG) [7,8]. All-optical Buffer, AND [9,10], and OR [11] (BAO) LoG have been employed in optical combinational and sequential systems including optical detectors, resonators, and LoG [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Random noise, intricate structure, and gain saturation effects are some of the concerns of the ways to manufacture all-optical LoG.…”