A novel
magnetically recoverable solid acid catalyst was synthesized
by immobilization of sulfonic acid groups on triazine dendrimer-modified
magnetic nanoparticles. The structure and composition of the synthesized
catalyst were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental
analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive
X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, elemental mapping, acid–base titration,
X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM).
The catalytic performance of the catalyst was evaluated for the conversion
of carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in various deep
eutectic mixtures as neoteric green and environmentally benign reaction
media. Among the 13 deep eutectic mixtures investigated, the mixture
comprising equal moles of sucrose and fructose yielded the highest
5-HMF yield. No additional reaction solvent was necessary since the
sucrose/fructose (1:1, mol/mol) system acted as a combined solvent
and substrate for 5-HMF production. Thus, this catalyst system would
open up a novel opportunity for the efficient production of 5-HMF
under solvent-free conditions. Moreover, the catalyst could be simply
separated from the reaction mixture by using a magnetic field and
recycled up to five times without incredible loss in its activity.
An efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst was prepared via the growth of a thiol-functionalized third-generation dendrimer on the surface of cellulose employing thiol–ene click chemistry, followed by the formation of sulfonic acid groups via the oxidation of thiol groups.
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