ObjectiveMyalgia is a widely publicised feature of Covid-19, but severe muscle injury can occur. This systematic review summarises relevant evidence for skeletal muscle involvement in Covid-19. MethodsA systematic search of OVID and Medline databases was conducted on 16/3/2021 and updated on 28/10/2021 to identify case reports or observational studies relating to skeletal muscle manifestations of Covid-19 (PROSPERO: CRD42020198637). Data from rhabdomyolysis case reports were combined and summary descriptive statistics calculated. Data relating to other manifestations were analysed for narrative review.Results 1920 articles were identified. From these, 61 case reports/series met inclusion criteria, covering 86 rhabdomyolysis cases. Median age of rhabdomyolysis patients was 50 years, (range 6-89). 49% had either hypertension, diabetes mellitus or obesity. 77% were male. Symptoms included myalgia (74%), fever (69%), cough (59%), dyspnoea (68%). Median peak CK was 15,783U/L. 28% required intravenous haemofiltration and 36% underwent mechanical ventilation. 62% recovered to discharge and 30% died. Dyspnoea, elevated CRP and need for intravenous haemofiltration increased risk of fatal outcome. Additional articles relating to skeletal muscular pathologies include 6 possible concomitant diagnoses or relapses of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and 10 reports of viral-induced muscle injuries without rhabdomyolysis. Localised myositis and rhabdomyolysis with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been reported. ConclusionRhabdomyolysis is an infrequent but important complication of Covid-19. Increased mortality was associated with a high CRP, renal replacement therapy and dyspnoea. The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) may have viral environmental triggers. However, to date the limited number of case reports do not confirm an association with

The impact of foreign capital on human development has been at best ambiguous, while that of institutions is undoubtedly favorable. That said, the way foreign capital relates to human development may be affected by the quality of institutions. This paper assesses this very phenomenon in 65 developing countries over the time period 1984-2014. In this regard, this study incorporates three indicators of human development namely, per capita income (PCI), Secondary School Enrollment (SSE) and Life Expectancy (LE). Using two step system GMM estimation technique, we found that the impact of foreign capital varies with respect to the indicators of human development and the type of foreign capital being studied. Both FDI and FPI negatively affect per capita income and secondary school enrollment, while, remittances affect all the indicators of human development positively, except for life expectancy. The interaction between institutions and each type of foreign capital flow exerts a positive influence on all indicators of human development. However, this positive interaction fails to completely eliminate the adverse influence of the capital flows, which reflects inadequacy of existing institutional quality in developing countries and the need for institutional reforms.

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This study examines Teacher Education students’ perceptions of Open Education Resources (OER), specifically, textbooks in language/literacy courses. Participants in the study are two-hundred and eleven pre-service teachers and undergraduate students at a university in the western United States that admits 46% first-generation college students. The pre-service teachers completed a pre-survey about OER, studied in language/literacy courses using an Open Textbook (OTB), and completed a post-survey about their use of OER in the courses. Over the past two decades, the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing OER have been explored in research. Yet, there is a lack of research pertaining to language/literacy development courses in Teacher Education programs. Key findings of this study indicate that utilizing OER is new for many of the participants, the OTBs did assist them financially, and though some students chose not to read the text, the perceptions of OER were positive. The conclusion includes possible areas for future study.

The rapeutic effects of milk agains t renal toxicity in rats Ahmed and Tag