In recent decades, there has been an intensification of international scientific and technological cooperation (ISTC), which takes place in various forms. The publication is aimed at generalizing the methodological bases of research and examining the main tendencies in the development of modern ISTC. The essence of ISTC and its objective predeterminence are defined, its importance as a factor of a world-wide development on the basis of the global spread of the achievements of science is specified. The peculiarities of ISTC progress at both macro- and micro-levels, which covers all stages of knowledge acquisition and takes place in an intensive manner in the field of both fundamental and applied research, are explained. The main elements of the methodology of the ISTC research are: principles, conditions of development, types, forms, directions, mechanisms and main effects. It is substantiated that the most important precondition for the development of ISTC is its institutionalization. International business became one of the leading forces in the ISTC. The main structural tendencies in the development of ISTC (increasing the degree of institutionalization, geographical diversification, diversification of the directions of cooperation, wide application of information and communication technologies (ICT), international scientific associations, etc.) are allocated. The peculiarities of participation in the ISCT of both developed and developing countries, as well as spatial changes (increasing the level of globalization, intensification of cooperation at the level of cities, universities, innovation zones; development of spatial and network structures of production, organization and use of knowledge; intensification of global mobility of highly qualified personnel, transfer of technologies) are explained. Attention is drawn to the formation of global innovation networks; development of intensive knowledge communities; expanding participation of universities in the ISTC; increasing the number of information platforms as the basis of ISTC; expanding the role of international scientometric databases, repositories, archives, libraries on the Internet. Measures are proposed to intensify and improve the ISTC system at both the global and the regional levels, especially the multilateral mechanisms to support developing countries. Attention is focused on the need to use a noosphere approach.
The specifics of the modern stage of development of the world-economy system, among other things, is manifested in the growth of the level of internationalization of research and innovation activities, which was naturally accompanied by the intensification of international scientific-technological exchange (ISTE). It is the main factor that characterizes the grade of integration of the country into the world economy. This exchange is identified with the spread (diffusion) of knowledge, covering almost all industries, sphere of services, economy sectors. The article examines the main elements of the theoretical base of the ISTE research (theories of diffusion of innovations, industry diffusion of innovations, S-shaped curve, value of transactions, strategic management, industrial organization, social exchange, theory of international trade and internationalization, theory of economic mechanisms, the authors’ own concepts and models). The concepts according to which the ISTE is described (diffusion, transfusion of knowledge; diffusion of innovations as embodied knowledge; international technology transfer) and its main channels (global, interregional, international, cross-border) are researched. The reasons for the development of the ISTE are analyzed and its importance is substantiated. The peculiarities of participation in the ISTE of both the developed and the developing countries are considered – the main motives, forms, prevailing channels, and basic limitations. The grounds that determine the country’s success in absorbing new knowledge are provided (universities, information infrastructure, human resources, perception of innovation). The important role of international organizations (UNCTAD, WTO, WHO, etc.) in the ISTE, which form international policy in the sphere of intellectual property protection and ensuring global cooperation, is underlined. It is emphasized that the main problems in the ISTE are related to the divergence of interests of the State and business. The main tasks for the governments of the countries on achieving the optimum of the ISTE (improvement of the national innovation system, formation of special infrastructure of ISTE, training of scientific personnel, organization of special work on the absorption of new knowledge and their adaptation, dissemination of advantages of the ISTE, formation of the State policy on development and regulation of participation in the ISTE) have been formulated.
The article is devoted to the development of tourism, which is extremely important for the Ukrainian economy, as it stimulates economic growth and development of other sectors of the economy (transport, communications, trade, construction, etc.), although there are various problems that prevent it. The purpose of the article is to research the indicators of international indices (Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, Passport Index) for Ukraine and develop directions for improving the state tourism policy. The main trends that exist in tourism and related industries, which have a direct negative impact on the attractiveness of the country in terms of tourism, are characterized. It is shown that these problems are related to infrastructure, political situation, security, environmental situation, personnel problems, insufficient implementation of information technologies, etc. The internal and external factors concerning the successful functioning of the tourism industry in Ukraine are investigated. The travel and tourism competitiveness index as one of the main indices that describes in detail the state of the tourism industry in the country is analyzed, as well as the passport index that characterizes outbound tourism. The analysis of these indices revealed the dynamics of indicators describing various components of Ukraine's success in tourism, as well as trends in the further development of this industry. A stable deterioration of indicators characterizing the policy and mandatory conditions in the field of travel and tourism was revealed. The main problem that exists today in the tourist services market in Ukraine (the low quality of their provision at a high cost) and the reasons for this are also described. The main vectors of development of the tourism industry in Ukraine are identified: security, economic competitiveness, technology, innovation and so on. Based on the results obtained, the main directions of government (government machine) activity (tasks) are proposed that are necessary to improve the situation in the tourism industry in Ukraine concerning the use of world experience, institutional support, regulation, investment, financing of educational projects, stimulation of innovations, as well as integrated infrastructure development.
The growing importance of innovations in the economy has turned them into a more important factor in production and consumption, structural changes, economic dynamics, competitiveness, and social development. This has gained a paradigm importance and has led to the emergence of an innovative model of economic development, the peculiarities of which being the topic that the article is concerned with. Taking into account the dependence of innovations on the generation and dissemination of new knowledge, the article emphasizes the critical importance of the productivity of science and the quality of education. This is confirmed by global trends and finds a manifestation in the development strategies of the countries and companies. In this context, a modern understanding of innovations and the basis of their emergence, which is connected with knowledge and creativity, has been closer defined. The authors characterize the main features of innovation, in particular: cumulativeness, chain character, integration of practical and theoretical knowledge, duration of «maturation» and emergence of innovation, uncertainty, collectivity, uneven appearance in time and concentration in space, propensity towards conflict. A vision of the process of developing innovations by stages covered by system management is proposed. The main models of emergence of innovation together with the model of innovation process (the model of extraction through demand (market); the model of «needs seekers»; the model of «readers of market information»; the model of technological nudging; the cyclical model of innovations; the model of open innovations; the chain and interactive model of innovation process; the innovative model of «funnel»; the network model of innovation) are described. A number of features of the innovative model of economic development are allocated: recognition of innovation as the most important factor of economic growth; constant interaction of production, science and market, focused on the development of innovations; defining role of human capital; structural changes in the system of social production; domination of the innovative nature of competition in the modern economy; development of innovative entrepreneurship. On the basis of the formation of an innovative model of development, the growing role of science and education, the modern economy is characterized as an economy of knowledge; the main points of its concept are considered. An increase in the influence of education in the innovation model of the economy in terms of generating and disseminating new knowledge in order to intensify innovation is substantiated.
Th e article contains results of analysis of science communication (SC) that takes place between such actors as science, business, government and society. In particular, the communication gap between the above-mentioned actors is investigated. Th e relevance of this topic is proved by numerous publications of national and foreign researchers. It is known that the success of communication largely depends on the understanding and perception of the information message (IM) that is sent to the recipient. Th eir absence leads to communication gaps, which reduces theЦи т у в а ння: Shevchenko G.Ya., Marchenko О.А., Shablii S.E. The specific features of the factor of understanding in the scientific communications.
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