Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradation mechanism in eukaryotes. Excess or harmful intracellular content can be encapsulated by double-membrane autophagic vacuoles and transferred to vacuoles for degradation in plants. Current research shows three types of autophagy in plants, with macroautophagy being the most important autophagic degradation pathway. Until now, more than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified in plants that are involved in macroautophagy, and these proteins play an important role in plant growth regulation and stress responses. In this review, we mainly introduce the research progress of autophagy in plant vegetative growth (roots and leaves), reproductive growth (pollen), and resistance to biotic (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) and abiotic stresses (nutrients, drought, salt, cold, and heat stress), and we discuss the application direction of plant autophagy in the future.
Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is a destructive bacterial disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). To date, at least 13 quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance to BLS have been identified in rice, while only one QTL, qBlsr5a, has been fine mapped and cloned. The present study focuses on fine mapping of qBlsr3d, a minor QTL conferring resistance to BLS. To fine map this QTL, 24 overlapping chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) were developed from the F 2 population derived from H359 × H359-BLSR3D. Combining genotyping of molecular markers with resistant performance, qBlsr3d was delimited to an 81-kb interval on chromosome 3, which included 12 annotated genes. Sequence alignment indicated that one of the candidate genes, LOC_Os03g03570, has three nucleotide substitutions in the CDS region between H359 and H359-BLSR3D. In particular, LOC_Os03g03570 encodes a leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein, which has been reported to be associated with disease resistance, suggesting that LOC_Os03g03570 may be the target gene. Our research also suggests that CSSLs are suitable for mapping of minor QTL confering disease resistance. Furthermore, our finding has potential value in breeding rice varieties with resistance to BLS in rice.
Haploid induction (HI) can create true-breeding lines in a single generation, which can significantly accelerates the breeding process. In recent years, scientists have developed a variety of new techniques to induce haploids through manipulation of CENH3, a variant of the centromere-specific histone H3. One alternative approach is based on CENH3 point mutations derived from EMS/TILLING, which is not lethal and yet is responsible for inducing haploids. However, most residues have been obtained by EMS mutagenesis over a long period of time.• Recently, a new approach called 'base editing' was developed for plants. Here, we report a new method that uses a cytosine base editor (CBE) to create a point mutation of CENH3 as a haploid induction line, which substitutes adenine (A) for guanine (G).• As proof of the extreme simplicity of this approach to create haploid-induced lines, we identified an L130F substitution within the histone fold domain in Arabidopsis thaliana. Subsequently, we tested the haploid-inducing potential of homozygous L130F plants by pollinating them with Col-0, and obtained 2.9% paternal haploid plants.• In brief, our innovative technology provides a new perspective for the promotion of CENH3-mediated haploid induction in crops, and also provides a variety of options for breeders. Such conserved point mutations as L130F could be developed into a general instrument for haploid induction in a wide range of plant species. Extending these systems would represent a major advance over haploid production.
7 8 1 State key laboratory of ecological pest control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, Fujian Agriculture and 2 7 2 8 Running title: AhRLK1 gene increases resistance to R. solanacearum 2 9Abstract 3 3
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