The potentiometric and AC impedance characteristics of all solid-state sodium-selective electrodes based on planar screen-printed Ag/AgCl electrodes are described. Two solid-state designs have been investigated. The first was based on the deposition of a sodium-selective PVC membrane directly on lop of a screen-printed Ag/AgCl electrode. The second design included a NaCl doped hydrogel layer, between the PVC and Ag/AgCI layers. The hydrogel provides a mechanism to relieve any blockage to charge transfer occumng when PVC membranes are used directly on top of Ag/AgC1 and also improves adhesion between the two layers. Results suggest the electrodes display fast ion exchange kinetics, low noise and drift. The performance compares favorably to that of a conventional ion-selective electrode with internal filling solution.
Flow injection analysis with potentiometric ion selective electrode detection is discussed in the context of sodium analysis in blood samples. A novel ionophore is used, which shows excellent selectivity for sodium over common interferents. Several blood samples are analysed and a very good correlation is demonstrated between the concentrations estimated and those determined by standard hospital procedures. Preliminary studies have indicated an ion selective electrode which could potentially be used for analysis of diluted blood samples without any correction for matrix effects.Sodium has been determined in biological specimens by several techniques, including atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), flame photometry and potentiometry. 1 Although AAS may be the method of choice for many metal ions, it is not ordinarily used for sodium determination because the simpler and readily available flame emission methodology is entirely adequate. An ideal method for sodium determination rcquires, in addition to accuracy and precision, speed, simplicity of operation and safety. The use of combustible gases in flame emission makes the method less attractive from the safety point of view and also restricts analysis to laboratory areas. Analysis by ion-selective electrode has become the method of choice for the determination of electrolytes in body fluids, as the technology is simple, portable, adaptable for continuous monitoring and compatible with multi-component tests performed by large chemical analysers. The development of a sodium polymeric ion-selective membrane electrode would provide an ideal method of analysis, particularly if it were to utilize the inherent advantages of flow injection analysis. These include controlled sample dispersion , variable flow rates, high sample throughput , enhanced kinetic selecti-Paper 5103309H
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