Ultrafast lattice and spin dynamics in an antiferromagnet NiO were studied via reflection and transmission experiments using polarization spectroscopy along with the pump-probe technique. The damped oscillations observed in the reflection experiment are not of spin origin but can be attributed to an interference effect caused by the probe pulse reflected by a propagating wave packet of acoustic phonons. Terahertz oscillations of coherent magnons were observed in the transmission experiment. Three antiferromagnetic modes were observed at low temperatures. As the temperature increases, the two higher modes degenerate above ∼250 K and then soften toward the Néel temperature (523 K).Ultrafast spin dynamics has recently been one of the most attractive topics in condensed matter physics, and understanding ultrafast spin dynamics from fundamental and technological viewpoints is greatly desired. Ultrafast spin dynamics and optical spin control have potential applications for the development of high-speed memory devices, spintronics, quantum computing, and optical control of correlated spin systems. As the frequency of antiferromagnetic resonance is considerably higher than that of ferromagnetic resonance, antiferromagnetic spin dynamics has been studied extensively with the aim of realizing faster optical spin control.NiO is a typical transition-metal oxide that exhibits antiferromagnetism. It is a paramagnetic insulator with a cubic rock-salt structure above the Néel temperature T N = 523 K. In the antiferromagnetic phase below T N , the Ni 2+ spins align ferromagnetically in (111) planes and antiferromagnetically between adjacent (111) planes, 1 and a slight lattice deformation from a cubic structure to a rhombohedral structure occurs along the (111) axes owing to the nearest-neighbor and nextnearest-neighbor interactions. Experiments on NiO have been conducted; these experiments have demonstrated terahertz radiation from coherent antiferromagnetic magnons excited by femtosecond laser pulses 2-4 and magnon oscillations induced by circularly polarized light. 5,6 A damped oscillation signal with an oscillation period of 19 ps was observed in NiO through the pump-probe experiment on reflected second harmonic generation (SHG). 7-9 The origin of this signal was interpreted to be the coherent oscillations of Ni 2+ spins between hard-and easy-axis states owing to the change in magnetic anisotropy. In the present study, we investigated the ultrafast lattice and spin dynamics in an antiferromagnet NiO via reflection and transmission experiments using polarization spectroscopy along with the pump-probe technique. In the reflection experiment, damped oscillations of linear birefringence, whose period is ∼20 ps, were observed. The observed dependences on the probe wavelength and the pump power indicate that the observed oscillations are not of spin origin but originate from the coherent acoustic phonons owing to the propagation of strain pulse.In the transmission experiment, terahertz oscillations of circular birefringence were ob...

No abstract

No abstract

Objectives. Low-energy trauma resulting in fractures of the distal femur is often observed in elderly patients with osteoporosis; such fractures are often associated with treatment difficulties and poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors that affect the bone strength of the distal femur. Methods. We used ovariectomized mice to demonstrate bone quality factors associated with deterioration of the strength of the distal femur. Ten-week old ICR-strain mice were ovariectomized or sham-ovariectomized. Total bone mineral density (BMD), total bone area, cortical BMD, cortical thickness, and trabecular BMD were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography in the distal metaphyseal region of the femora. As three-dimensional architectural parameters, the trabecular number, trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation, and connectivity density were measured in the same region by microcomputed tomography. The maximum load measured by compression testing of the distal metaphyseal region was regarded as the bone strength of each sample. Results. No significant differences in total bone area or in cortical BMD were found between the groups. Bone strength showed the closest relationship with total BMD (r ϭ 0.834). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that total BMD greatly depended on cortical thickness. The addition of Tb.Th to trabecular BMD markedly reflected bone strength (R ϭ 0.857), suggesting that Tb.Th affected bone strength more significantly than trabecular BMD. Conclusions. These findings suggested that deterioration of bone strength of the distal femur (metaphysis) was not caused by a reduction in cortical BMD, but was related to reduced cortical thickness, which reduced total BMD, and to trabecular BMD and architecture, in particular to reduced Tb.Th.

No abstract