The incidence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome correlates with the availability of magnesium (Mg). We studied the effect of oral Mg supplementation on insulin sensitivity and other characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in normomagnesemic, overweight, insulin resistant, non-diabetic subjects. Subjects were tested for eligibility using oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and subsequently randomized to receive either Mg-aspartate-hydrochloride (n = 27) or placebo (n = 25) for 6 months. As trial endpoints, several indices of insulin sensitivity, plasma glucose, serum insulin, blood pressure and lipid profile were determined. Mg supplementation resulted in a significant improvement of fasting plasma glucose and some insulin sensitivity indices (ISIs) compared to placebo. Blood pressure and lipid profile did not show significant changes. The results provide significant evidence that oral Mg supplementation improves insulin sensitivity even in normomagnesemic, overweight, non-diabetic subjects emphasizing the need for an early optimization of Mg status to prevent insulin resistance and subsequently type 2 diabetes.
Objective: To compare dietary magnesium intake and magnesium concentrations in serum, red blood cells (RBC) and urine during pregnancy of women habitually following a long-term plant-based diet and of women following an average Western (control) diet. Design: Prospective study during pregnancy. Setting: Giessen, Germany. Subjects: Healthy pregnant women (n ¼ 108) in their 9-12th, 20-22nd and 36-38th gestational week habitually following a plant-based diet for more than 3 y or an average Western diet. The vegetarians were subdivided into ovo-lacto vegetarians (n ¼ 27) and low-meat eaters (n ¼ 43). Results: Significant higher dietary magnesium intakes were observed in pregnant women consuming a plant-based diet (508714 mg/day for ovo-lacto vegetarians, Po0.001 and 504711 mg/day for low-meat eaters, Po0.001) than in pregnant women consuming a control diet (41279 mg/day). Serum magnesium concentrations were similar in all diet groups whereas RBC magnesium was slightly higher in low-meat eaters than in controls (P ¼ 0.058). Urinary magnesium excretion was higher in ovo-lacto vegetarians (P ¼ 0.023), followed by low-meat eaters (P ¼ 0.017) when compared to the control group. During the third trimester of pregnancy, the frequency and the occurrence of calf cramps was lower in the plant-based diet group than in the control group (P ¼ 0.004 and 0.008). Conclusions: Owing to a higher dietary magnesium intake confirmed by higher urinary magnesium excretion, habitual plantbased diets result in a slightly improved magnesium status during pregnancy and reduce the frequency of calf cramps during the third trimester of pregnancy compared to an average Western diet. Therefore, plant-based diets during pregnancy can be recommended with regard to magnesium supply.
Objective: To study in humans the relationship between a diet consistent with most of the current recommendations for the prevention of nutrition-related diseases (Wholesome Nutrition) and the blood lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL-, HDL-cholesterol, LDL=HDL-ratio, triglycerides). Design: Cross-sectional study with two diet groups. Setting: Former West Germany. Subjects: Healthy women (n ¼ 243, aged 25 -65 y) adhering to Wholesome Nutrition for at least 5 y (subdivided into 111 ovo-lacto vegetarians and 132 low-meat eaters) and an according control group of 175 women eating an average German mixed diet. They were all recruited through an advertisement campaign and selected on the basis of their food consumption. Results: Considering potential confounders, the Wholesome Nutrition subgroups had higher HDL-cholesterol levels than the control group. No differences were observed for total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. For LDL=HDL-ratio and triglycerides the effect of diet was dependent on interaction terms. With increasing risk factors (age or body mass index (BMI)) the Wholesome Nutrition subgroups showed more favourable blood lipids. Conclusions: Women eating a preventive diet on a long-term basis exhibit more favourable blood lipid profiles than women consuming an average mixed diet. This is particularly obvious for HDL-cholesterol in the presence of certain risk factors and when an ovo-lacto vegetarian version is practised.
Plasma aldosterone, cortisol, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) äs well äs urine and sweat Na, K, Ca and Mg concentrations were measured in nine male healthy persons during an one hour ergometer exercise before and after a fourteen day magnesium aspartate (Mg) Supplementation. The usual aldosterone and cortisol increase during exercise was not observed and cortisol concentration was significantly lowef after Mg Supplementation. Na and K in plasma increased during the exercise; these changes were not affected by Mg. The Mg concentration was elevated in plasma and erythrocytes after Mg Supplementation. During the ergometer course plasma Mg was unchanged but decreased significantly in the red blood cells. Mg and K concentration in sweat decreased during the exercise. No influence of Mg on urinary electrolyte excretion was observed. Aldosteron-, Cortisol" und Elektrolytkonzentrationen im Plasma bei körperlicher Belastung unter Magnesium-SubstitutionZusammenfassung: Die Konzentrationen von Cortisol, Aldosteron, Natrium (Na), Kalium (K), Calcium (Ca) und Magnesium (Mg) im Plasma sowie die Konzentrationen von Na, K, Ca und Mg im Urin und Schweiß wurden bei neun männlichen, gesunden Personen vor und nach einer 14tägigen Substitution mit Magnesium-Aspartat (Mg) während einer einstündigen Ergometerbelastung gemessen. Der üblicherweise während einer körperlichen Belastung gefundene Anstieg des Aldosterons und Cortisols im Plasma wurde bei den mit Magnesium substituierten Personen nicht gefunden. Die Cortisol-Konzentration im Plasma war nach der Mg-Substitution signifikant niedriger. Na und K im Plasma stiegen während der Belastung unabhängig von der Mg-Substitution an. Die Mg-Konzentf ation im Plasma und in den Erythrocyten stieg unter der Mg-Substitutron an. Während der Ergometerbelastung änderte sich die Mg-Konzentration im Plasma nicht, während sie in den roten Blützellen signifikant abfiel. Die Konzentrationen von Mg und K im Schweiß sanken während der Belastung. Ein Einfluß der Mg-Substitütion auf die Elektrolytausscheidung im Urin wurde nicht beobachtet. *) This paper will be part of the doctoral thesis of O. Happel.ing exercise (6).
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