Evidence is presented in support of the following theory: Petroleum waxes consist of mixtures of hydrocarbons belonging to various homologous series. The members of each series crystallize similarly, as either plates, mal crystals, or needles. If but one type (plate, mal, or needle) is present, the crystal form remains the same regardless of such factors as amount or kind of solvent. If the types are
This study describes the sensory composition of commercial sweet almond varieties across two California growing seasons. It also discusses the relationship between sensory attributes and chemical and physical measures. Raw, whole almonds (43 samples each of 13 varieties in 2015 and 40 samples each of 10 varieties in 2016) were evaluated for their sensory profiles using descriptive sensory analysis. The 2016 samples were also analyzed for macro-and micronutrients, amygdalin, volatile composition (using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry), and physical properties, and the results were modeled with the sensory data. Independence, Sonora, and Wood Colony were harder, more fracturable, and crunchy, whereas Fritz and Monterey were more moist and chewy, reflecting their moisture contents. Aldrich and Fritz were higher in marzipan/ benzaldehyde flavor, which is related to amygdalin, benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. New insights are provided into sweet-almond composition and the sensorial contribution of headspace volatiles. This assists almond growers and processors in describing and marketing almond varieties.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the flexible ruler had intertester reliability for the cervical curvature in normal subjects. Measurements of the cervical curvature were taken on 20 subjects in two different positions: with the cervical spine in a neutral position and with the spine in the fully flexed position. The correlation between testers for the neutral position was r = + 0.80, while the intertester reliability for the flexed position was r = + 0.90. Furthermore, paired-data t-tests showed that no significant differences existed between testers for both positions (p > 0.05). The data suggest that the flexible ruler is a reliable measuring tool between testers for the ceiical curvature.Spinal curve measurement is essential to the clinician in the evaluation of posture and range of motion. The posture evaluation delineates areas of faulty spinal alignment, assists in setting up treatment programs and establishes a baseline to assess patient progress (5, 9). Techniques for objectively measuring the spine include: goniometry, radiography, the plumbline technique, distraction, tape measurements, spondylometry, and the flexible ruler (2, 5). Fitzgerald et al. (5) advocated goniometry for the measurement of lumbar range of motion since it is simple, fast, readily available, and commonly used. They considered other methods as either dangerous, expensive, or time consuming (5). Frey and Tecklin (6) stated that the flexible ruler, when compared to the radiograph, was the most concise alternative to measuring the lumbar lordosis. This device lowers expenses, enhances safety, and avoids unnecessary complications.Before any measurement tool is acceptable for clinical practice, it must be valid and reliable. The validity of the flexible ruler for measuring lumbar curves has been established. Many researchers have demonstrated high correlations between radiographic and surface measurements taken on the lumbar spine (4, 10, 11). For example, Hart ' Chai rman and Associate Professor of Physical Therapy at the lh'tivefsity of Health Sciinces/The Chicago Medical School. 3333 Greenbay Road. North Chicago. IL 60064.'Senlor physical therapy students at the University of Health Sciences1The Chicago Medical School at the time of the study. Burton's study (3) looked at the intratester reliability of the flexible ruler as well as the intertester reliability. He found that intertester error was 15O/0 for the lower lumbar spine (3). However, the research on intertester reliability is sparse, and to the authors' knowledge there have been no published studies using the flexible ruler for the cervical spine. The authors feel both areas are important in establishing the flexible ruler as a primary means of measurement. Cervical dysfunction is almost as commonplace in physical medicine as lumbar pathology (1). The everyday stress and strain placed on the cervical spine makes it a common location for trauma and disease (1). It was hypothesized in this study that the intertester reliability of the flexible ruler would be ...
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