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Introduction: Lesions of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract account for a substantial source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. GIT endoscopy along with biopsy is an established procedure for investigating a wide range of gastrointestinal conditions. It is not only used to diagnose malignant and inflammatory lesions but is also used for monitoring the course, extent of the disease, response of the therapy and early detection of complications. Hence, endoscopy along with biopsy examination facilitates the diagnosis and early management. Methodology: Patients with lower GI tract lesions were included in the study. Endoscopic biopsies were processed for tissue processing. Haematoxlyne and Eosin stained sections were studied. Observations: Of the 202 colonoscopic biopsies studied, sex ratio was 1.3:1. Study population comprises of cases ranging from 6 months up to 84 years. Diarrhoea of chronic duration was the predominant clinical presentation among 27% of cases. Ulcerated lesion was the commonest endoscopic finding seen among 33% cases. On endoscopic examination, 17% cases had proliferative growth, 14% cases had polypoidal growth and 06% cases showed stricture. Rectum was the commonest site of involvement seen among 38% cases. Non-neoplastic lesions were 119 (59%), benign were 16 (08%) and malignant were 67 (33%). Chronic nonspecific colitis was the predominant non-neoplastic lesion seen among 34% cases. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest malignant lesion contributing for 85% of malignant lesions of lower GIT. Conclusion: Colonoscopy with biopsy examination is the gold standard tool for the diagnosis of lower GI lesions. It is simple, safe, and relatively less invasive with high accuracy. Keywords: Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Lower GIT, Colorectal cancer, Biopsy.

Background: Ophthalmic pathology is unique in many respects as it encompasses wide range of tissues-epithelia, connective tissue and specialized tissue. Pathologies ranging from trauma, degenerative, inflammatory and neoplastic conditions can affect any of the various components of orbito-ocular system. This study is designed to review the histopathologic patterns of orbito-ocular specimens sent to the histopathologist. Methods: It is a retrospective review of slides and paraffin-embedded blocks of all ophthalmic specimens received over a period 05 year at the histopathology department. Clinical data including age, sex, site of the lesion and clinical summary were extracted from the histopathology requisition forms. Result: Total 116 cases were studied over a period of 05 year from January 2012 to December 2016. M:F ratio was 1.1:1. Majority of cases (40%) presented during 4 th to 5 th decade of life. Lid was the commonest site of lesion affecting to 61 (52.6%) cases followed by conjunctiva in 27 (23.3%), lacrimal gland in 15 (12.9%) and eye ball in 09 (7.7%) cases. Benign lesions were most common constituting the 43% cases followed by inflammatory lesions (31%) and Malignant (26%). Among the Benign lesions, Naevi was the predominant lesion accounting for 15.5% cases followed by cystic lesions (13%). Among the malignant lesions, Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant lesions seen in 15 cases, followed by Basal cell carcinoma 04 cases. Sebaceous gland carcinoma (04), Retinoblastoma (03), Hidradenocarcinoma (01), Mucinous carcinoma of eye lid (01), Malignant Melanoma (01) and Verrucous carcinoma (01) were the other malignant lesions. Conclusion: Eye is the vital organ for vision. In our study, Naevi was the most common benign and Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion. Literature data showed that, different geographic areas had predilection for different ophthalmic lesions. Thus, it is emphasized that more studies are needed to know the geographical pattern of ophthalmic lesions.

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