Introduction. During the first wave of the pandemic COVID-19, there was limited and poor quality information on the contribution of children to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. By early August 2020, several confirmed cases of transmission from children had been published, with no clear evidence that the frequency of transmission from children is higher than that of adults. Since the beginning of the pandemic, children have accounted for 18.4 % of the total number of registered cases, and at the beginning of January 2022, 25.5 % of the total number of COVID-19 cases. Most of the new cases of the disease are Omicron strains. Even with the predicted generally less severe illness resulting from Omicron infection in children, doctors fear that more children may be hospitalized in the coming weeks, given the ever-increasing number of cases of infection with the virus. Data on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among children compared with adults is needed to inform COVID-19 risks and prevention strategies, including COVID-19 childhood vaccination policy. Aim. To display literature data containing a review of studies on the transmission of coronavirus infection in children; to analyze the features of the vertical transmission route. Materials and methods. An analysis was made of publications containing data from studies of cases and features of the transmission of COVID-19 disease in children, including from mother to child. Results. Currently, foreign sources note several options for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy may affect pregnancy outcome, delivery, and the birth of a potentially infected baby. Conclusion. Data on the risk of infection and possible routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children, including vertical transmission, are needed to improve prevention methods, including immunization of pregnant women and children.
Introduction. The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection worldwide determines the need to study the clinical features, complications, extrapulmonary manifestations and long-term consequences of the infection in children. While many studies have been described in adult patients, there are limited data analyzing the clinical course of the disease in pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Aim. Review of the literature containing currently reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children to present the state of the art, understand the direction of research and unresolved issues. Materials and methods. An analysis of publications containing data from studies of SARS-CoV-2 cases in children was carried out. Results. Researchers from different countries agree that children are less susceptible to COVID19. This can create a dangerous situation, which can lead to a weakening of attention to children. Although their clinical manifestations are mainly mild to moderate symptoms, nevertheless, severe cases of the disease occur in children, which can lead to death. Conclusion. The complexity and variability of COVID-19 manifestations support the hypothesis that further research is needed on the long-term and chronic symptoms of COVID-19 in children. Failure to understand the underlying biological mechanisms behind these persistent symptoms increases missed opportunities to identify patients at risk of chronicity in order to prevent such conditions and seek rehabilitation approaches for children with COVID-19.
Хабаровский филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания» -Научно-исследовательский институт охраны материнства и детства, 680022, г. Хабаровск, ул. Воронежская 49, корп. 1 Контактная информация Елена Владимировна Книжникова, научный сотрудник группы молекулярно-генетической диагностики, Хабаровский филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания» -Научно-исследовательский институт охраны материнства и детства, 680022, Россия, г. Хабаровск, ул. Воронежская 49, корп. 1.
Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of micromorphometry of placental terminal villi for early diagnosis of intrauterine infections in newborns.Materials and methods. A molecular genetic and micromorphometric study of 34 placentas obtained from women whose pregnancy ended in preterm labor at 30-36 weeks and 46 placentas of persons who gave birth to full-term babies was performed. In samples of placental tissue, the polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the genome of the following pathogens of intrauterine infections: Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma species (Ureaplasma urealyticum+Ureaplasma parvum), Chlamydia trachomatis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Listeria monocytogenes, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, Human herpes virus 4 type, Human herpes virus 6 type, Parvovirus B19. Morphometry was performed using an image analysis system on a Carl Zeiss microscope and Axio Imager software. An average number of capillaries in the terminal villi and the distance from the capillaries to the syncytiotrophoblast were calculated.Results. The genome of intrauterine infection pathogens was detected in 55.9% of placentas from preterm birth, including DNA of Ureaplasma species – 29.4%, Mycoplasma hominis – 23.5%, Mycoplasma genitalium – 5.9%, Streptococcus agalactiae – 11.7%, Cytomegalovirus – 5.9%, Human herpes virus 4 type – 14.8% as a part of mono- and co-infections. In full-term pregnancy, the infection of the placentas was found to be 3.4 times less – 16.3% (p<0.0002). In monoinfections, DNA of Ureaplasma species – 4.6%, Mycoplasma hominis – 6.9%, Streptococcus agalactiae – 2.3%, Human herpes virus 4 type – 2.3% were detected. An average number of capillaries (abs. value) in the terminal villi of infected placentas, both at full-term (5.35±1.07) and premature (3.97±0.19) pregnancies, proved to be significantly less than in uninfected placentas (5.74±0.05 and 4.63±0.28), respectively. An average distance from the capillaries (µm) of the terminal villi to the syncytiotrophoblast in infected placentas both at full-term (1.62±0.15) and premature pregnancies (2.20±0.2) proved to be significantly greater than in uninfected placentas (1.02±0.03 and 1.72±0.14, respectively).Conclusion. Comparison of the morphometric parameters of terminal villi in the examined placenta with an average rate of infected and uninfected placentas of full-term and premature pregnancies makes it possible to predict the risk of intrauterine infection in a newborn.
Адрес для переписки:Супрун Евгений Николаевич Хабаровский филиал ФГБНУ «Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания» -Научно-исследовательский институт охраны материнства и детства 680021, Россия, г. Хабаровск, ул. Серышева, 74/49.
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