The article presents data on the study of the main nutrition elements in the soil under maize crops, depending on the predecessors and methods of soil treatment in the conditions of ordinary Chernozem. The object of research is a Krasnodarsky 194MV hybrid of maize. Variants: 1. Fallow arable land (control); 2. Lupine as green manure; 3. Peas as green manure; 4. Binary sowing of lupine and peas as green manure; 5. Soy as green manure. The experiment was repeated three times, field placement was randomized, and area of each was 120 m². Agrotechnics of maize cultivation in the experiment corresponded to the recommendations for this zone. Green manure was plowed in during its reproduction phase. In the variants with green mass plowing to a depth of 23–25 cm, the largest amount of nitrate nitrogen was in the soil layer 0–20 cm. In the specified soil horizon, before sowing maize, the content of nitrate nitrogen ranged, depending on the variant, from 24.7 mg/kg to 42.8 mg/kg. In the soil layer 20–40 cm, the amount of nitrogen was lower, just 19.4–29.5 mg/kg. Similar dependence was observed for maize during its flowering phase. Tillage methods had almost no effect on the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the upper soil layer (0–20 cm). As in all the variants, the differences in this indicator were within the experimental error. However, the content of nitrate nitrogen during the growing season was different. The greatest amount of it was observed during the spring period, both in versions with plowing to a depth of 25–28 cm and in versions with blade loosening to a depth of 10–12 cm. The smallest amount of available phosphorus, regardless of the method of soil preparation, in the layer 0–20 cm was on fallow arable land – 122 mg/kg during the sowing period and 104 mg/kg during the flowering period. In variants with cultivation of legumes as green manure, the content of available phosphorus in the specified horizon was significantly chigher, being 147–171 mg/kg. The highest content of exchangeable potassium was provided by lupine – 209–213 mg/kg in the 0–20 cm soil layer, and lupine sown together with peas – 196–207 mg/kg. The minimum amount of exchangeable potassium was 143–146 mg/kg in fallow arable land, depending on the method of soil treatment.

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The purpose of the agricultural ecosystems lies in supplying people with the outputs of crop production and livestock farming. The main feature is a purposeful or unintentional anthropogenic change of the living conditions of cultivated plants and domestic animals. The aim of study is working out the methods of practical application of the bacteriophages for the detection of the pathogenic microorganisms as part of sectoral foresight. The activity of the target phages was evaluated by their ability to lyse a bacterial culture in liquid and solid growth medium and represented by maximal dilution. Four bacteriophages Listeria-L2А, L4A (SRI NRIVVaMR RAAS, Pokrov, Russia), P100 (Listex™, Netherlands), Lm1 (IRCMiB, Ulyanovsk, Russia) were tested and found that phages L 2A, L 4A and P100 are genus-specific, the phage Lm1 is species-specific.

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This study aims to improve the technology for protecting soybeans from fungal diseases based on new fungicides. The relevance of research is specified by a significant increase in the area occupied by soybeans and the need to protect crops from diseases. The experimental site is located in the territory of Oryol State Agrarian University (Lavrovo village of Oryol Region, Russia). The crop rotation is grain-fallow, the predecessor is winter wheat. The soil type is dark gray forest medium loamy. Soil acidity is 5.7. It has the following content of macronutrients: 11.5 mg/100 g of soil for P2O5, 10.9 mg/100 g of soil for K2O, 4.1% for humus. The Mezenka soybean was used, seeds of the 1st reproduction. Planting was carried out in the first decades of May 2019 and 2020. We used the Maksim, KS protectant (Fludioxonil, 25 g/l). Fungicides Propuls, SE (Prothioconazole, 125 g/l, Fluopyram, 125 g/l), Vintazh, ME (Difenoconazole, 65 g/l, Flutriafol, 25 g/l) and biofungicide Vitaplan, SP (Bacillus subtilis strain VKM-V-2604D, titer 1010 CFU/g and Bacillus subtilis strain VKM-B-2605D, titer 1010 CFU/g) were used to treat plants at the end of June in the branching phase and again two weeks later in July in the budding phase. The treatment of soybean seeds with the fungicide Maksim, KS helped to protect the crop from fungal diseases until the first ten days of July. Two-fold treatment of crops with biofungicide Vitaplan and chemical fungicides Propuls and Vintazh had a significant impact on the prevalence and development of fungal diseases. The biological effectiveness of chemical fungicides in comparison with biological was higher in the phase of complete formation of beans - the beginning of ripening by 9 and 15%, respectively. In comparison with the control, the increase in the yield of soybeans was 10.4% using Vitaplan, 16.4% using Propuls, 17.9% using Vintazh.

The research was carried out during the 2017-2019 period on leached chernozem according to the “Program and methodology for studying varieties of fruit, berry and nut crops” (Orel, 1999). The grafting was done by budding fifty plants of the regionalized variety of pears Muratovskaya on the seedlings of common pear tree in three replicates. The plants were placed in one row at a distance of 20-25 cm, with a distance of 90 cm between the rows. In the experimental variants, watering and loosening of the soil was done as needed. The seedlings were treated with a knapsack sprayer 4 times during the growing season with an interval of two weeks, starting from the third decade of May. In the experiment there were 4 variants: 1 control without treatments; 2 - Emistim - 1 ml / m3 H2O; 3 Emistim - 1 ml / m3 H2O + Gumi-30 super-universal 15 ml / 10l H2O; 4 Emistim - 1 ml / m3 H2O + Siliplant 25 ml / 10l H2O. It was revealed that the biological product Emistim has a significant stimulating effect on the growth processes in comparison to the control variant. The combined use of the biological product Emistim and complex fertilizers Gumi-30 and Siliplant helps to increase the foliage of the seedlings, leaf area, the number of roots and their total length, and, ultimately, increase the yield of standard planting material. There was no significant difference between the variants with Emistim and complex fertilizers such as Gumi-30 and Siliplant according to the studied traits. In total, in these variants, the standard seedlings of the 1st and 2nd grade were obtained, respectively, 93.2 and 95.6%.