Monopole dominance for the nonperturbative features in QCD is studied both in the continuum and the lattice gauge theories. First, we study the dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking (DχSB) in the dual Higgs theory using the effective potential formalism. We find that the main driving force for DχSB is brought from the confinement part in the nonperturbative gluon propagator rather than the short-range part, which means monopole dominance for DχSB. Second, the correlation between instantons and QCD-monopoles is studied. In the Polyakov-like gauge, where A 4 (x) is diagonalized, the QCD-monopole trajectory penetrates the center of each instanton, and becomes complicated in the multi-instanton system. Finally, using the SU(2) lattice gauge theory with 16 4 and 16 3 ×4, the instanton number is measured in the singular (monopole-dominating) and regular (photon-dominating) sectors, respectively. Instantons and anti-instantons only exist in the monopole sector both in the maximally abelian gauge and in the Polyakov gauge, which means monopole dominance for the topological charge.

Newly developed sweep beam Cluster ion implanter: CLARIS with 0.2-7keV energy range for Boron beam and 1-10keV energy range for Carbon beam is introduced. Novel Cluster ion implantation technology is capable for 45nm beyond device requiring USJ formation (<15nm) with high retain dose (>70%) and low sheet resistivity (<1200Ω/sq). Comparison of retain dose and sheet resistivity of B 18 , BF 2 , and B beams with FLA shows the superiority of the B18 implantation for less than 500eV implantation.

We develop a new nonperturbative renormalization scheme for the fermion mass term in the DysonSchwinger equation ͑DSE͒ approach for the study of the fermion propagator. The renormalized DSE for the fermion propagator is derived in the mass-independent renormalization ͑MIR͒ scheme. Our method is suitable for studying the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in gauge field theories, since the MIR scheme connects the system with a finite renormalized mass and the chiral limit of the theory in a smooth way. We demonstrate that our method correctly reproduces the known asymptotic behavior of the renormalized quark propagator when applied to asymptotic-free quark models for QCD. We apply the MIR scheme to the dual Ginzburg-Landau theory and demonstrate its applicability. ͓S0556-2821͑99͒09209-7͔

We study the correlation between confinement and dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking (DχSB) in the dual Ginzburg-Landau (DGL) theory using the effective potential formalism. The DGL theory is an infrared effective theory based on the dual Higgs mechanism, and provides the nonperturbative gluon propagator, which leads to the linear quark potential. The screening effect for the confining potential can be obtained by introducing the infrared cutoff corresponding to the hadron size. We formulate the effective potential for DχSB in the DGL theory, and find the vacuum instability against quark condensation. To extract confinement effect, we separate the effective potential into the confinement part and others by dividing the confinement term from other terms in the gluon propagator in the DGL theory. The confinement part provides the dominant contribution to DχSB, which is regarded as monopole dominance for DχSB. The relevant energy for DχSB is found to be the infrared region below 1GeV. Monopole dominance for the DGL propagator is also found in the intermediate region, 0.2fm

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