No abstract

Analisou-se a ocorrência de aflatoxinas e ocratoxina A em carcaças, vísceras comestíveis e processadas de aves de empresas que representam diferentes regiões de produção avícola do Brasil. Diferentes tipos de produtos foram coletados, trimestralmente, sendo nove “in natura” e oito processados para extração de micotoxinas e quantificação pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Amostras positivas pelo método ELISA foram analisadas por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD). Do total de amostras analisadas 12% foram positivas, sendo 10,8% para aflatoxina total e 1,2% para ocratoxina A. Os resultados obtidos pela CCD mostraram contaminação por aflatoxinas (B1, B2, G1 e G2) em concentração inferior a 5 µg/kg. O ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) mostrou-se mais eficaz para produtos “in natura”, sendo isolada maior quantidade de aflatoxinas e ocratoxina A no segundo trimestre (julhosetembro). A ocorrência de aflatoxina total foi mais freqüente em produtos oriundos das empresas avícolas das diferentes regiões do estado de Pernambuco e ocratoxina A das empresas produtoras das Regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. MYCOTOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF POULTRY “IN NATURE” AND PROCESSED PRODUCTS Abstract The occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in carcasses, edible viscera and poultry processed products purchased from different industries of various Brazilian regions was evaluated. Different types of products were collected in a trimester period being nine of them “in nature” and eight processed, for extraction of mycotoxins and quantified through the immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA). Samples with positive results for ELISA were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). From the total analyzed samples 12% resulted positive, being 10.8% for total aflatoxins, and 1.2% for ochratoxin A. The results obtained by TLC showed aflatoxins contamination (B1, B2, G1 and G2) inferior to 5µg/kg. The immunoenzymatic assay was more effective for “in nature” products, and the second trimester (July - September) was the period when it was isolated the highest quantity of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. The occurrence of total aflatoxins was more evident in the poultry industries from different regions of the state of Pernambuco, and ochratoxin A from industries in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil.

Trichoderma spp. EN EL CONTROL BIOLOGICO DE Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc.etMagn.) Scribb,AGENTE DE LAANTRACNOSIS DEL FRIJOL (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) TricllOderma spp. in the biological control 01 ColletotricllUm lindemutllianum (Sacc. et Magn.

Mycotoxicosis, particularly that caused by aflatoxins and ochratoxins, is a serious problem for the poultry production industry. The aim of this study was to determine the total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels in liver and plasma, and kidneys and plasma, respectively, of chickens for fattening fed experimentally contaminated diets, and to assess the impact of these toxins on body weight increase and the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Forty eight 21 day-old Ross breeder chickens (n = 12 × four treatments) were fed diets containing different levels of mycotoxins: grower diet + ochratoxin A (200 mg kg -1 of feed) + total aflatoxin in different concentrations (T1 = 60 µg kg -1 of feed; T = 50 µg kg -1 ; T3 = 30 µg kg -1 ). Control chickens (T4) were fed only the grower diet. No significant differences were seen in the weight increase of chickens subjected to the different treatments. However, lower FCRs were seen in those exposed to T1 and T2. In general, the amount of total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A found in the liver, kidneys and plasma (determined by ELISA) were directly related to the amounts added to the experimental diets and feed consumption. Plasma ochratoxin A was always higher than kidney levels; this relationship was not seen for total aflatoxin.Additional key words: chickens for fattening, ELISA, micotoxicity. Resumen Comunicación corta. Aflatoxina y ochratoxina A totales en hígado, riñones y plasma de pollos contaminados experimentalmenteLas micotoxicosis, en particular las aflatoxicosis y ocratoxicosis, son un serio problema sanitario en la producción avícola. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el nivel de aflatoxinas y ochratoxinas A en hígado y plasma, y riñones y plasma, respectivamente, de pollos alimentados con dietas experimentalmente contaminadas e investigar el impacto de estas toxinas en el peso corporal y el cociente de conversión del alimento (FCR). Se alimentaron 48 pollos Ross de 21 días de edad (n = 12 × cuatro tratamientos) con dietas conteniendo diferentes niveles de micotoxinas: una dieta de crecimiento + 200 mg kg -1 de ochratoxina A + aflatoxina total en diferentes concentraciones (T1 = 60 µg kg -1 ; T2 = 50 µg kg -1 ; T3 = 30 µg kg -1 ). Lo pollos control (T4) fueron solamente alimentados con la dieta de engorde. No hubo diferencias significativas en el aumento de peso de los pollos sometidos a los diferentes tratamientos; sin embargo, se detectaron FCRs menores para los expuestos a T1 y T2. En general, la cantidad de aflatoxina total y ochratoxina A detectadas por ELISA en hígado, riñones y plasma fueron directamente proporcionales a los niveles de las micotoxinas añadidas a las dietas experimentales. La ochratoxina A en plasma fue siempre superior a la encontrada en riñón; esta relación no se detectó para la aflatoxina total.Palabras clave adicionales: ELISA, micotoxicidad, pollos de engorde.