Analisou-se a ocorrência de aflatoxinas e ocratoxina A em carcaças, vísceras comestíveis e processadas de aves de empresas que representam diferentes regiões de produção avícola do Brasil. Diferentes tipos de produtos foram coletados, trimestralmente, sendo nove in natura e oito processados para extração de micotoxinas e quantificação pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Amostras positivas pelo método ELISA foram analisadas por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD). Do total de amostras analisadas 12% foram positivas, sendo 10,8% para aflatoxina total e 1,2% para ocratoxina A. Os resultados obtidos pela CCD mostraram contaminação por aflatoxinas (B1, B2, G1 e G2) em concentração inferior a 5 µg/kg. O ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) mostrou-se mais eficaz para produtos in natura, sendo isolada maior quantidade de aflatoxinas e ocratoxina A no segundo trimestre (julhosetembro). A ocorrência de aflatoxina total foi mais freqüente em produtos oriundos das empresas avícolas das diferentes regiões do estado de Pernambuco e ocratoxina A das empresas produtoras das Regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. MYCOTOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF POULTRY IN NATURE AND PROCESSED PRODUCTS Abstract The occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in carcasses, edible viscera and poultry processed products purchased from different industries of various Brazilian regions was evaluated. Different types of products were collected in a trimester period being nine of them in nature and eight processed, for extraction of mycotoxins and quantified through the immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA). Samples with positive results for ELISA were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). From the total analyzed samples 12% resulted positive, being 10.8% for total aflatoxins, and 1.2% for ochratoxin A. The results obtained by TLC showed aflatoxins contamination (B1, B2, G1 and G2) inferior to 5µg/kg. The immunoenzymatic assay was more effective for in nature products, and the second trimester (July - September) was the period when it was isolated the highest quantity of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. The occurrence of total aflatoxins was more evident in the poultry industries from different regions of the state of Pernambuco, and ochratoxin A from industries in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil.
Com o objetivo de verificar a incidência de micotoxinas em fígados de aves abatidas em regiões do Estado de Pernambuco foram analisados 40 fígados procedentes da zona litorânea e 33 fígados da zona da mata. Cinqüenta por cento (50%) das amostras foram classificadas como próprias para o consumo e o restante como impróprias por apresentarem coloração amarelada, estrutura friável e tamanho aumentado. As amostras foram divididas em 4 grupos e classificadas como: amostra 1 - fígado íntegro Zona da Mata (11 amostras); amostra 2 - fígado condenado Zona da Mata (22 amostras); amostra 3 fígado íntegro Zona Litorânea (20 amostras); amostra 4 fígado condenado Zona Litorânea (20 amostras). Os fígados, após resfriamento foram analisados pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e por Cromatografia em Camada Delgada (CCD). Pelo método ELISA foi pesquisada aflatoxina total e pelo método CCD aflatoxina B1, B2, G1 e G2, zearalenona e ocratoxina A. Os resultados obtidos mostraram incidência de contaminação por aflatoxinas (B1, B2, G1 e G2) em todas as amostras em concentrações inferiores a 5 ppb (limite de quantificação do método), nível compatível com a legislação brasileira. As amostras 1, 2, 3 e 4 analisadas pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) evidenciaram os seguintes resultados: 3,8, 4,2, 4,7 e 5,2 ppb de aflatoxinas, respectivamente. Zearalenona e ocratoxina A não foram detectadas. Esses resultados demonstram que a pesquisa micotoxicológica em produtos avícolas serve como subsídio para monitoramento a ser realizado pelo setor produtivo, capaz de minimizar perdas de produção e proporcionar produto avícola menos contaminado por micotoxinas. MICOTOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BIRDS LIVER PRODUCED AND COMMERCIALIZED IN PERNAMBUCO Abstract With the objective of verifying the incidence of micotoxins in birds livers abated in regions of the state of Pernambuco were analyzed 40 livers from Coast zone and 33 livers from Forest zone. Fifty percent (50%) of these samples were classified good for consuming and the rest not good for consuming and the not good for consuming because of the yellowish co lour presented on them, friable structure and bigger size. The samples were divided in 4 groups and classified as: sample1 healthy liver forest zone (11 samples); sample 2 unhealthy liver forest zone (22 samples); sample 3 healthy liver coast zone (20 samples); sample 4 unhealthy liver coast zone (20 samples). The livers after being frozen, were analyzed by the methods ELISA and thin layer chromatography in (CCD). In the method (ELISA) it was researched total aflatoxin and in the method CCD it was researched aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2; zearalenon and ocratoxin A. The results obtained revealed and incidence in the contamination by aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in all samples in concentrations lower than 5 ppb (limit of quantification of method) being considered as the compatible level for the Brazilian legislation. The samples 1, 2, 3, and 4 analysed by the imunoenzymatic essay (ELISA) obtained the following results: 3.8, 4.2, 4.7 and 5.2ppb of aflatoxins respectively. Zearalenon and ocratoxin A were analyzed by the CCD method and obtained negative results. These results demonstrated that the micotoxin research in birds products serve as subsidy for the elaboration of a monitory to be realized by the productive sector, capable of minimize loss of production and supply to human consume of birds product less contaminated by micotoxins.
Mycotoxicosis, particularly that caused by aflatoxins and ochratoxins, is a serious problem for the poultry production industry. The aim of this study was to determine the total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels in liver and plasma, and kidneys and plasma, respectively, of chickens for fattening fed experimentally contaminated diets, and to assess the impact of these toxins on body weight increase and the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Forty eight 21 day-old Ross breeder chickens (n = 12 × four treatments) were fed diets containing different levels of mycotoxins: grower diet + ochratoxin A (200 mg kg -1 of feed) + total aflatoxin in different concentrations (T1 = 60 µg kg -1 of feed; T = 50 µg kg -1 ; T3 = 30 µg kg -1 ). Control chickens (T4) were fed only the grower diet. No significant differences were seen in the weight increase of chickens subjected to the different treatments. However, lower FCRs were seen in those exposed to T1 and T2. In general, the amount of total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A found in the liver, kidneys and plasma (determined by ELISA) were directly related to the amounts added to the experimental diets and feed consumption. Plasma ochratoxin A was always higher than kidney levels; this relationship was not seen for total aflatoxin.Additional key words: chickens for fattening, ELISA, micotoxicity. Resumen Comunicación corta. Aflatoxina y ochratoxina A totales en hígado, riñones y plasma de pollos contaminados experimentalmenteLas micotoxicosis, en particular las aflatoxicosis y ocratoxicosis, son un serio problema sanitario en la producción avícola. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el nivel de aflatoxinas y ochratoxinas A en hígado y plasma, y riñones y plasma, respectivamente, de pollos alimentados con dietas experimentalmente contaminadas e investigar el impacto de estas toxinas en el peso corporal y el cociente de conversión del alimento (FCR). Se alimentaron 48 pollos Ross de 21 días de edad (n = 12 × cuatro tratamientos) con dietas conteniendo diferentes niveles de micotoxinas: una dieta de crecimiento + 200 mg kg -1 de ochratoxina A + aflatoxina total en diferentes concentraciones (T1 = 60 µg kg -1 ; T2 = 50 µg kg -1 ; T3 = 30 µg kg -1 ). Lo pollos control (T4) fueron solamente alimentados con la dieta de engorde. No hubo diferencias significativas en el aumento de peso de los pollos sometidos a los diferentes tratamientos; sin embargo, se detectaron FCRs menores para los expuestos a T1 y T2. En general, la cantidad de aflatoxina total y ochratoxina A detectadas por ELISA en hígado, riñones y plasma fueron directamente proporcionales a los niveles de las micotoxinas añadidas a las dietas experimentales. La ochratoxina A en plasma fue siempre superior a la encontrada en riñón; esta relación no se detectó para la aflatoxina total.Palabras clave adicionales: ELISA, micotoxicidad, pollos de engorde.
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