The objective of the present study was to develop a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method, suitable for extraction of total oil content from linseed, and to be used as a preparative technique for fatty acid determination. Optimum conditions (volume of added ethanol as a co-solvent, dynamic extraction time (DET), and pressure) were predicted in order to obtain the maximum yield of the extract. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were used for modeling the process. Variable values ranged as follows: co-solvent 0-1 mL, DET 36-60 min, and pressure 45.57-62.05 MPa (6000-9000 psi). Effects of co-solvent volume and extraction pressure were well described by simplified polynomial equation (R 2 ¼ 0.85), since DET had no significant influence ( p>0.05) on the extract yield. The maximum yield of oil, calculated from experimental results, was obtained with 1 mL of co-solvent, and pressure of 62.05 MPa. Optimized conditions were used for extraction of oil from four samples of linseed, ground to pass through 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm-sieve, to determine adequate granulation for SFE. Finally, results for yield and fatty acid composition of the extract obtained using SFE were compared with the results of Soxhlet extraction.Practical applications: The obtained extracts can be used for fatty acid analysis, since they have not been damaged and their fatty acid compositions have not been degraded by reagents or aggressive extraction conditions. It is shown that the selection of appropriate milling equipment for grinding of samples is necessary to achieve adequate granulation and avoid fractionation of sample.

nema

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The paper provides an overview of the nutritional aspects associated with the utilization of sunflower meal in broiler diets. To gain the maximum benefit from this feed ingredient, some of the characteristics of sunflower meal must be considered. In broiler diets, it is recommended that only high-quality decellulosed sunflower meal be used. Our own results and a broad variety of published reports have thus been consulted. Experiments with high protein sunflower meal in broiler diets have shown that sunflower meal can successfully replace soybean meal, provided that diets are supplemented with adequate amounts of lysine and energy. Consequently, the inclusion of sunflower meal in broiler diets may vary depending on the fiber content of the meal, the lysine and/or energy supplementation of the diet

The effect of Artemisia absinthium essential oil (AAEO) on enzymatic activity of superoxide-dismutase (SOD), glutathione-peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione-reductase (GR), peroxidase (POD), xantine-oxidase (XOD) and non-enzymatic (content of lipid peroxides (LPx) and gluthathione (GSH)) antioxidative status of broilers infected with mixture of oocysts of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria mitis and Eimeria necatrix in comparison to coccidiostat salinomycin was investigated. The in vivo investigation were carried out on 120 Arbor acres broilers of both sexes. Broilers were randomly distributed into four groups. Group A was uninfected and untreated; group B was infected and was kept untreated; group C preventively received coccidiostatic salinomycin in quantity of 60 mg/kg of feed and was inoculated with coccidia species at 21 st day-of-age and group D received in feed AAEO in quantity of 3 g/kg and was infected with Eimeria oocysts at 21 st day-of-age. Livers were collected for the subsequent evaluation of antioxidative status. It was concluded that AAEO added in feed for broilers prevented the development of coccidia oocysts and therefore it can be used as prophylactic feed additive.