The aim of the study was to investigate the role of circulating (i.e., present in the serum) and locally produced (i.e., in the lamina propria of mucous membranes) immunoglobulins including IgE. The IgG, IgA, IgM immunoglobulins, and IgE (total and specific) were measured in patients' sera with atopic dermatitis (AD) (n = 93). As control subjects 83 healthy volunteers, matched for sex and age, were included. The IgG and IgM levels were within the normal range. Mean value of the total IgA (2.55 +/- 0.26 g/L, in controls 1.49 +/- 0.32 g/L) and IgE (609 IU/mL, in controls below 40 IU/mL) levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in sera of AD patients. Based on the serum total IgE levels (above or below 40 IU/mL) the patients were divided into RAST-positive and RAST-negative types of allergy, respectively. RAST-positive AD (n = 79) showed hypersensitivity to inhalant and food allergens determined by the specific IgE test. The majority of RAST-positive AD cases (n = 68) presented only skin manifestations, while the rest of the patients (n = 11) had rhinoconjunctivitis as well. RAST-positive AD patients with rhinoconjunctivitis showed an increased IgE level in tears (above 10 IU/mL). The specific IgE test positivity in tears correlated with elevated serum total IgE levels and specific IgE positivity (r = 0.925). Total and allergen-specific IgE in the tears can be used to diagnose allergy in vitro. It is believed that the mucosal permeability is enhanced in the atopic inflammatory process, and this may facilitate the transmission of environmental allergens.
Summary: 514 genital samples taken from 257 patients suffering from different gynecological diseases were examined. The amounts of the single proteins and the relation of their concentrations were compared according to different groups of infective agents found in our patients. It may be concluded from our results that local immunity has a protective effect on the surface of mucous membranes against infections. Zusammenfassung: In Vaginalsekreten von 257 Kranken (514 Proben insgesamt) wurden mikrobiologische und immunologische Untersuchungen der Vagina durchgeführt. Die Resultate bekräftigen, daß bei Vaginalinfektionen die lokale Immunantwort die Mukosa vor dem Eindringen von Erregern schützt. Zur Beurteilung der lokalen Immunität wird die Untersuchung des Zervikalschleimes vorgeschlagen.
Zusammenfassung: Den neuesten Forschungen nach ist die Galle eine reiche Quelle der sekretorischen Immunglobnline, da das dimere IgA und das pentamere IgM von bestimmten Leberzellen aktiv aus dem Blut in die Galle transportiert werden, denn die Schleimhautoberflächen können nur von den polymerisierten Moleküle ‐ wie sekretorische Immunglobuline ‐ erreicht werden. Damit kann die Leber leicht und rasch ‐ ohne Komplementbildungsreaktion ‐ Immunkomplexe und Allergene eliminieren. Der Schutzaktivität dieser Faktoren ist es zuzuschreiben, daß die Resultate der mikrobiologischen Untersuchungen in der intraoperativ gewonnenen Galle wie folgt ausfielen: Pilziiektionen hat man in keinem einzigen Fall, bakterielle Infektionen auch nur in einem geriugen Teil der Fälle beobachtet. Der IgA‐ und IgM‐Gehalt der Galle war hoch: er überstieg die normalen Senunwerte. Das ist das Resultat der bepatischen Clearence‐Aktivität. Dadurch wird zugleich auch das bewiesen, daß die Eliminierung des den Entzündungsprozeß auslösenden infektiösen Faktors mit den lokalen Faktoren, so mit der Wirkung der Gallensäuren und dem hepatischen Clearence‐Mechanismus in Zusammenhang stehen. Summary: Recently, the participation of the liver in the secretion of secretory immunoglobulins has been demonstrated: the secretion of circulating dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM by the liver has the effect that the secretory immunglobulins can get to the mucous membranes. In this way, the liver can actively and rapidly remove the harmful antigens and immununecomplexes without complementfixation. To this protective effect may be ascribed that the microbidogical results in human bile were as follows: none of the samples were mycologically positiv; only a minority of the samples contained bacteria (14.4%).‐Immunological findings: in comparison with albumin and IgG which are transsudable proteins the IgA and IgM levels were significantly higher. This phenomenon is based on the hepatic clearence mechanismus. For this reason, elimination of ful antigens or organisms is connected with local factors, e. g. the effect of bile acids and the hepatic clearence mechanismus.
Zusammenfassung: Zur Untersuchung der Infektionsallergie wurde ein Modell ausgearbeitet. Mit Hitze abgetöite Candida albicans wurde Ratten intravenös verabreicht, dann die hervorgerufene Überemplindlichkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit beobachtet. Die Resultate waren die Folgenden: 1. die AUergie entwickelte sich Hauptsächlich auf zellulärem Niveau; sie korrelierte nicht nur mit dem Lymphozytenstimulationstest, sondern gleichzeitig auch mit dem Titer der Agglutinine; 2. im Zustand der allergischen Sensibilisierung des Organismus erhöht sich auch die Empfindlichkeit der Lymphozyten gegen unspezifisches Mitogen (Phytohämagglutinin); 3. der Leukozyten‐Migrationshemmtest wird später positiv, als der Lymphozytenstimulationstest; 4. die Blastzellenbildmg wind mit einer geringeren Menge von Antigenen hervorgerufen, als die Migrationshemmung der Leukozyten. Summary: For the study of the infectious allergy against Candida albicans a model sensitization in rats was used. The animals received heat‐killed cells of Candida albicans by intravenous administration in four doses at intervalls of four days. The results were as follows:1. A response to Candida albicans has mainly been observed on a cellular level; however, hypersensitivity was detected not only by the aid the lymphocyte stimulation test but it manifested itself also in the appearence of agglutinins; 2. in the hypersensitive phase of the organism the reactivity to nonspecific mitogen (PHA) is also increased; 3. compared to the lymphocyte stimulation test it was several days later that the result of the leucocyte migration inhibiting test became positive; 4. for the induction of blastcells a lower quantity of antigen was needed than for bringing on a migration inhibiting effect.
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