Raman spectra of glucose and fructose are reported in the region 20-4000 cm −1 . The spectra were recorded for the crystalline sugars, amorphous sugars with varying water contents and aqueous solutions with varying sugar contents. The Raman spectra of amorphous carbohydrates have not been reported previously. They are very similar to those of the aqueous solutions. Several vibrational bands were found to be sensitive to water, especially for the amorphous samples containing small amounts of water.

Luoma, H. et alii: ElTect on caries in mentally handicapped children of addition of fluoride and bicarbonate-phcsphate to dietary sugar products. Scand. J. Dent. Res.ABSTRACT ~ Mentally handicapped children, aged 5-15 years and living in institutions, received fluoride supplement in several sugar products of their diet; in candies, marmalades, jams, fruit juices and in sweet desserts corresponding to 10 mg F as NaF per kg of tlie sugar (sucrose or glucose) of each product. To two of the four daily candies was also added a NaHCO, + KHjPO, mixture (mole ratio 9.8/1, resp.) to substitute for 2.5% of the sugar of the candy. The cotitrol children received the respective products without the additives. After stepwise exclusions of subjects for various reasons, e.g. for the absence of permanent teeth, low initial caries activity, strong medication, Down's syndrome, etc., the mean DMFS-increment in the remaining 43 control subjects was 4.5 and in the 41 test subjects 2.6 lesions/100 surfaces at risk,, i,e. 42% reduction. Caries arrestment had occurred in these test subjects after the first year, while in the respective controls it was continuously increasing. Among numerous oral and body parameters studied, only surface enamel fluoride in primary teeth was increased by the fluoride supplements and urinary phosphate and calcium excretion decreased.

abstract— Pretreatment of the enamel with chlorhexidine did not modify enamel solubility, nor did it interfere with the enamel protective action provided by the fluoride. Oral rinses twice a day with the chlorhexidine‐fluoride solution, pH 5.8, reduced the spread of plaque (Pl I) by 44% and the total plaque mass (total plaque N) by 38% compared with the effect of rinses with distilled water. Rinses with the NaF solution reduced the plaque mass by 41% while the plaque spread remained unaffected.

The Raman spectra of amorphous glucose between 300 and 4000 cm−1 over the temperature range 15–55 °C are reported. The spectra were recorded at several temperatures both below and above the glass transition temperature, Tg. A two‐dimensional covariance spectrum was computed and a least‐squares analysis was used to quantify the temperature dependences observed in the spectra. Several vibrational bands were found to be sensitive to the temperature of the material. Some bands also show a changing temperature dependence around the glass transition. A Fermi‐type function was found to be suitable as an empirical phenomenological model for the observed changes in the spectra. The wavenumber shifts and intensity changes observed in the spectrum were related to the intramolecular vibrations by a normal coordinate analysis of a single glucose molecule. The spectral changes in the ν(O–H) stretching region suggest a weakening of the hydrogen bond network at the glass transition. Other observed spectral changes suggest a weakening of the van der Waals interactions with increasing temperature, but these changes seem not to be related to the glass transition. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.