Polished yellow konjac (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) flour (PYKF) from the centrifugal milling process still contains a relatively high level of impurities that may be harmful to health, especially calcium oxalate. The extraction process using ethanol is needed to reduce the amount of impurities surrounding the glucomannan granules and hence to improve the purity of the latter. This study was aimed at determining the effects of process conditions including ethanol concentration, solvent to flour ratio and extraction time on the physicochemical properties of purified yellow konjac flour (PrYKF) using Response Surface Methodology. The desired characteristics of PrYKF were low calcium oxalate content and a high degree of whiteness (DoW), viscosity, and glucomannan content. The calcium oxalate content, viscosity, and glucomannan content of PrYKF were affected by ethanol concentration, solvent to flour ratio, and extraction time. In contrast, the DoW was only affected by ethanol concentration. The prediction of the optimum condition by Design-Expert was found at 46.36% of ethanol concentration, 8.33 mL/g of solvent to flour ratio, and 63.01 mins. Under these conditions, the characteristics were as follows: 0.12±0.00%w.b. calcium oxalate, 68.76±0.00 DoW, 29012±0.00 cP viscosity, and 84.59±0.00% d.b. glucomannan content. The actual verification was closely related (p > 0.05) compared to the Design-Expert software prediction by paired t-test. The fast maceration is a successful method to improve the characteristics of PYKF to PrYKF in a shorter time.
Increasing environmental problems related to synthetic plastics for food packaging encourage the creation of more environmentally friendly plastics from Indonesia’s local natural resources, such as durian seed, yellow konjac, and Syzygium myrtifolium leaves, which are abundant in nature. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of the durian seed flour (DSF) mass, yellow konjac flour (YKF) mass, and the concentration of ethanolic extract of S. myrtifolium leaves (5-25%) on the tensile strength, elongation, and inhibition zone area of composite bioplastics. The two-level full factorial design was conducted for this experiment with 3 independent factors: DSF mass (0.5-1 g), YKF mass (0.5-1 g), and the concentration of ethanolic extract of S. myrtifolium leaves (5-25% b/v), and 3 responses were observed: tensile strength, elongation, and inhibition zone area. The physicomechanical characteristics were then used to further describe the best combination. The results showed that the DSF mass had only affected tensile strength, whereas the YKF mass had affected tensile strength and elongation of composite bioplastics. Meanwhile, the concentration of ethanolic extract of S. myrtifolium leaves only affects the inhibition zone area. The best combination was found in the DSF mass of 0.5 g, YKF mass of 1 g, and the concentration of ethanolic extract of S. myrtifolium leaves of 25%, with the tensile strength of 3.30 MPa, elongation of 50.00%, and inhibition zone area of 15.33 mm. Moreover, these combinations also had a thickness of 0.115 mm, modulus young of 0.066 MPa, density of 1.37 g.cm-3, moisture content of 17.14%, and water solubility of 76.91%.
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