The wide area situational awareness attempts at the expeditious detection of imminent system abnormalities and alerting system operators to take appropriate measures. Because the critical situation may arise in a system due to faults on transmission lines spanning over a long distance, phasor measurement units (PMUs) have become an indispensable measuring device to provide a dynamic view of such a wide area system. In this paper, the perception about a 200 km long transmission line has been achieved with the help of phasor measurements from PMU, which has the capability of reporting 200 phasors per second. The comprehension about the perceived event is accomplished by computing the deviations of current phasor magnitude as well as phase angles derived from synchronized phasor measurements using the phaselet algorithm. Based on the comprehension of the perceived event, a specific type of fault has been predicted using the Gaussian Naïve Bayes approach. In order to validate the proposed methodology, it has been implemented on a laboratory setup.
In this report, Bovine Serum Albumin-based Metal–Insulator–Metal structures on Indium doped Tin Oxide coated flexible Polyethylene Terephthalate substrates with Aluminum (Al) as the top electrode have been fabricated and studied in detail. The thickness of the film was measured using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. The Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance spectrum confirms the presence of both amide-I and amide-II in the protein film. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy was performed for the absorption spectrum used to extract the optical bandgap. The surface roughness of the film was estimated by Atomic Force Microscopy. Electrical characterization of the devices gives a high capacitance density with a negative quadratic coefficient and a low dissipation factor, showing their potential for Radio Frequency/analog application. The number of dipoles (NPD) is found to be 1.01 × 1018 cm−3 with a permanent dipole moment (μ0) of 2.92 × 10−25 C m at an applied frequency of 1 MHz. The devices show high reliability resistant to degradation, studied by Constant Voltage Stressing. We also examined the performance of these flexible devices by repeated bending with different bending radii.
For practical solar cells, the J-V (Current-Voltage) equation is quiet implicit to calculate the fill factor and maximum power point through enormous iterative calculations. Here, a new compact model is proposed that is pertinent with different solar cells. Only three model parameters are used to analyse the effectiveness of the model. Compared to other complex implicit models, it does not require iterative calculations for parameter extraction. The effects like space charge leakage current, trapping, tunneling, etc., are reflected in the first term of the model and the second represents the degradation in current due to shunt resistance. It satisfies wide varieties of solar cells with remarkable accuracy as well as parameters are extracted using four points on J-V characteristics only. The model is well compared with experimental characteristics taken from published literatures. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.
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