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The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs; families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) have a mutualistic symbiotic association with enteric Gammaproteobacteria (Steinernema/Xenorhabdus and Heterorhabditis/Photorhabdus), which confer high virulence against insects. EPNs are a natural mortality factor for soil-dwelling arthropods. This chapter presents some recent advances in ecology, community ecology, interactions with various factors (edaphic and soil organisms) and their effects on the population dynamics of EPNs. The diversity of EPNs (structural and genetical) and their geographical distribution are summarized.

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H 2 SO 4 doped polyaniline films were synthesized in aqueous acidic media. The polyaniline film deposited on platinum electrode exhibits highest conductivity. The conductivity of each H 2 SO 4 doped polyaniline sample was determined by the four-probe technique. The current-voltage curve exhibits that polyaniline sample has an ohmic behaviour. Experiments were conducted to establish the conductivity of the sample from room temperature to 110°°C. The current was set constant. It has been observed that at lower current as well as higher current conductivity of the polyaniline sample is due to the electrons transferred to the conduction band. It is observed that the concentration ratio of 0⋅ ⋅2 : 1 of aniline and H 2 SO 4 for synthesis of PANI film on platinum electrode shows good conductivity.

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In the present study three crystals of thiourea family viz. Zinc Thiourea Chloride (ZTC), Zinc Thiourea Sulfate (ZTS) and Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride (BTCC) were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were studied by powder XRD, FT-IR and UV-visible. The dielectric study of grown crystals was carried out in X-band using transmission line wave guide method. It was found that the BTCC has lowest dielectric constant among three metal complexes of thiourea crystals (ZTC, ZTS and BTCC), therefore it can be used for high speed electro-optic modulation.

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