In this work, a number of important issues associated with fast spin echo (FSE) imaging of the human brain at 4.7 T are addressed. It is shown that FSE enables the acquisition of images with high resolution and good tissue contrast throughout the brain at high field strength. By employing an echo spacing (ES) of 22 ms, one can use large flip angle refocusing pulses (162°) and a low acquisition bandwidth (50 kHz) to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A new method of phase encode (PE) ordering (called "feathering") designed to reduce image artifacts is described, and the contributions of RF (B 1 ) inhomogeneity, different echo coherence pathways, and magnetization transfer (MT) to FSE signal intensity and contrast are investigated. B 1 inhomogeneity is measured and its effect is shown to be relatively minor for high-field FSE, due to the self-compensating characteristics of the sequence. Thirty-four slice data sets (slice thickness ‫؍‬ 2 Over recent years, the use of high-field MR scanners for imaging the human body has become increasingly widespread, due to the improvements they offer in signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) and susceptibility contrast (1,2). These benefits can be exploited to allow 1) the acquisition of MR images with higher spatial resolution and thus greater anatomical detail, 2) more robust detection of susceptibility-related changes in signal intensity (e.g., BOLD contrast in functional MRI (fMRI)), and 3) easier discrimination of metabolite signals in MR spectra, due to increased dispersion as well as higher SNR.Along with the advantages of high-field MR systems, there are also associated problems, ranging from technical challenges to safety concerns. At higher fields, the wavelength of the RF excitation pulses approaches the dimensions of the object being imaged, causing inhomogeneities in the RF (B 1 ) field via RF focusing effects (3). As a result, the RF flip angle varies over the imaging field of view (FOV), potentially leading to variations in both signal intensity and contrast across images. In addition, the RF power required for spin excitation increases with the magnetic field strength. This means, for some RF-intensive pulse sequences, that the power deposition may exceed permissible specific absorption rate (SAR) safety limits.In this work, we describe the implementation and application of a standard clinical MRI pulse sequence on a high-field 4.7-T whole-body system. The pulse sequence we implemented is fast spin echo (FSE) (4,5). FSE is used clinically as an efficient method for obtaining high-quality T 2 -weighted images. However, the extension to high field is not necessarily straightforward, due to the aforementioned issues of B 1 inhomogeneity and SAR power restrictions. In a recent study, we presented our initial results concerning FSE imaging at 4.7 T (6). Here we investigate in more detail the factors involved in using FSE as a technique for imaging the human brain at 4.7 T. To do this, we assess the extent of B 1 variation within the brain and its effect on image signal in...

Over recent years, high field MR scanners (3 T and above) have become increasingly widespread due to potential advantages such as higher signal-to-noise ratio. However, few examples of high resolution images covering the whole brain in reasonable acquisition times have been published to date and none have used fast spin echo (FSE), a sequence commonly employed for the acquisition of T(2) weighted images at 1.5 T. This is mostly due to the increased technical challenges associated with uniform signal generation and the increasingly restrictive constraints of current safety guidelines at high field. We investigated 10 volunteers using an FSE sequence optimized to the 4.7 T environment. This sequence allows the acquisition of 17- and 34-slice data sets with an in-plane resolution of approximately 500 microm x 500 microm and a slice thickness of 2 mm, in 5 min 40 s and 11 min 20 s, respectively. The images appear T(2) weighted, although the contrast is due to the combined effects of chosen echo time, magnetization transfer, direct radio frequency saturation and diffusion as well as the T(1) and T(2) relaxation times of the tissue. The result is an excellent detailed visualization of anatomical structures, demonstrating the great potential of 4.7 T MRI for clinical applications. This paper shows that, with careful optimization of sequence parameters, FSE imaging can be used at high field to generate images with high spatial resolution and uniform contrast across the whole brain within the prescribed power deposition limits.

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A variant of the broadline, solid state, gradient echo imaging technique which uses repetitive small flip angle pulses to overcome bandwidth limitations and which is analogous to FLASH liquid state magnetic resonance imaging is described. The improvements in image quality which can be obtained are demonstrated by one-dimensional profiles of a rubber phantom obtained with an echo time of only 80 mu s.

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