We replicated the association of well-established common variants with Type 2 diabetes in Indians and observed a similar association as reported in Western populations. Combined analysis of 32 variants aids identification of subgroups at increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, but adds only a minor advantage over conventional risk factors.

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a b s t r a c tThis review is providing an overview for the analysis and removal of pollutants from pharmaceutical wastewater. Pharmaceuticals are bioactive compounds and they can cause potential effects on living systems. Different classes of pharmaceuticals are enter into the environment after being used or excreted through wastewater and sewage treatment systems. The complexity of these hazards should not be underestimated. In this modern world, 3000 different substances are used in medicines such as painkillers, antibiotics, contraceptives and much more. These pollutants are becoming omnipresent in the environment because they cannot be removed effectively by the typical wastewater treatment plants due to their toxic and poisonous nature. A variety of technologies, including physical, chemical, biological and thermal process have been largely explored for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater. The analytical methods for pharmaceuticals like chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were also briefly described. Rather than the conventionally suggested methods such as biodegradation, ozonation, photocatalysis for the removal of pharmaceuticals from waste water, the applicability of adsorption process for this purpose is simple and a low-cost technique. In this paper, the process of removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater using adsorbents like activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, zeolites and biosorbents (industrial waste or sewage waste, agricultural waste) were briefly analyzed and explained. Lastly, proposals were made for the future research in the field of pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.

An analysis of blood flow through a tapered artery with stenosis and dilatation has been carried out where the blood is treated as incompressible Herschel-Bulkley fluid. A comparison between numerical values and analytical values of pressure gradient at the midpoint of stenotic region shows that the analytical expression for pressure gradient works well for the values of yield stress till 2.4. The wall shear stress and flow resistance increase significantly with axial distance and the increase is more in the case of converging tapered artery. A comparison study of velocity profiles, wall shear stress, and flow resistance for Newtonian, power law, Bingham-plastic, and Herschel-Bulkley fluids shows that the variation is greater for Herschel-Bulkley fluid than the other fluids. The obtained velocity profiles have been compared with the experimental data and it is observed that blood behaves like a Herschel-Bulkley fluid rather than power law, Bingham, and Newtonian fluids. It is observed that, in the case of a tapered stenosed tube, the streamline pattern follows a convex pattern when we move from r/R = 0 to r/R = 1 and it follows a concave pattern when we move from r/R = 0 to r/R = −1. Further, it is of opposite behaviour in the case of a tapered dilatation tube which forms new information that is, for the first time, added to the literature.

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Delivering the right amount of fluoride to drinking water protects the teeth from decay and reduces the risk of cavities. Nonetheless, fluorosis has been diagnosed as the result of excessive exposure of fluoride, which induces brain impairment, muscle disorders and hyperactivity. Fluoride ingestion during the formation of the tooth enamel is the main reason for fluorosis, which is characterized by hypomineralization. Dissolution of fluoride-containing rock minerals contributes to naturally occurring fluoride contamination in water. The intentional addition of fluoride to water in dental care is alarming in growing countries such as India. This article reviews the origin of fluoride, the analysis of fluoride derivatives and the technologies to remove fluoride from water. The manuscript presents adsorption techniques for fluoride removal, using different types of adsorbents. The adsorption capacities of adsorbents under various conditions, such as contaminant concentration, adsorbent dosage, time, pH and temperature, are presented. Adsorbent types include alumina, zeolites, organic waste, shell-based and carbon-based including graphite and carbon nanotubes. Defluoridation of water using clays and muds, modified activated alumina, chitosan derivatives and composites are also discussed.

An unsteady two-fluid model of blood flow through a tapered arterial stenosis with variable viscosity in the presence of variable magnetic field has been analysed in the present paper. In this article, blood in the core region is assumed to obey the law of Jeffrey fluid and plasma in the peripheral layer is assumed to be Newtonian. The values for velocity, wall shear stress, flow rate and flow resistance are numerically computed by employing finite-difference method in solving the governing equations. A comparison study between the velocity profiles obtained by the present study and the experimental data represented graphically shows that that the rheology of blood obeys the law of Jeffrey fluid rather than that of Newtonian fluid. The effects of parameters such as taper angle, radially variable viscosity, hematocrit, Jeffrey parameter, magnetic field and plasma layer thickness on physiologically important parameters such as wall shear stress distribution and flow resistance have been investigated. The results in the case of radially variable magnetic field and constant magnetic field are compared to observe the effect of magnetic field in driving the blood flow. It is observed that increase in hematocrit increases the wall shear stress. The values of wall shear stress and flow resistance are obtained at various time instances and compared. It is pertinent to note that the magnitudes of flow resistance are higher in the case of converging tapered than non-tapered and diverging tapered artery.