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Dairy products are one of the richest sources of vital nutrients in the diet of human beings and it occupies an important place in satisfying their nutrient requirements. The dairy products possess a very short lifespan and during their decomposition create a huge nuisance to the environment. The dairy effluents discharged from the industries are mainly composed of complicated substances such as organic compounds, inorganic compounds, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorides, sulphides, fats, oils, grease, etc. These organic loading present in the dairy effluent have a negative impact on the environment during its discharge to nearby water sources. The physical and chemical treatment of the dairy effluents is not as effective as the biological treatment. The biological treatment method is found to be the superior method for treating the dairy effluent. The biological wastewater treatment can be performed in two various conditions such as aerobic and anaerobic. The treatment methods such as aerobic lagoons, activated sludge, sequential batch reactor, trickling filter, completely stirred tank reactors, fluidized bed reactors, and anaerobic filters are some of the biological methods used in dairy effluent treatment. This review article has investigated in detail regarding the environmental impact of dairy effluents and their effective treatment using biological treatment technologies

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In this study, chitosan functionalised magnetic nano-particles (CMNP) was synthesised and utilised as an effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. The experimental studies reveal that adsorbent material has finer adsorption capacity for the removal of heavy metal ions. Parameters affecting the adsorption of Pb(II) ions on CMNP, such as initial Pb(II) ion concentration, contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature were studied. The adsorption equilibrium study showed that present adsorption system followed a Freundlich isotherm model. The experimental kinetic studies on the adsorption of Pb(II) ions exhibited that present adsorption process best obeyed with pseudo-first order kinetics. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CMNP for the removal of Pb(II) ions was found to be 498.6 mg g. The characterisation of present adsorbent material was done by FTIR, energy disperse X-ray analysis and vibrating sample magnetometer studies. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (Δ°), enthalpy (Δ°) and entropy (Δ°) have declared that the adsorption process was feasible, exothermic and spontaneous in nature. Sticking probability reported that adsorption of Pb(II) ions on CMNP was favourable at lower temperature and sticking capacity of Pb(II) ions was very high.