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BACKGROUNDUterine cavity is lined by the endometrial mucosa. Endometrium is continuously under hormonal effect throughout life. These hormones can be of ovarian or pituitary origin. Any alteration in the volume or pattern of menstrual blood flow is termed as abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Abnormal uterine bleeding occurring after one year of menopause is termed as postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). Pathology of endometrium can be better evaluated on endometrial biopsies, scrapings or curettage. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study was a hospital based retrospective study carried out in a tertiary care hospital in coastal Andhra Pradesh. The materials for the study included endometrial curetting, scrapings, biopsies and hysterectomy specimens RESULTSThe present study constituted a total of 68 cases with age ranging from 28 years to 69 years. Two patients first underwent endometrial biopsy followed by total hysterectomy. These 04 specimens of two patients were taken as 02 cases only. All endometrial specimens were broadly classified into hyperplasias, benign and malignant. Each category was then sub-classified into specific types according to the current WHO classification (2014). Most common age group affected by all lesions was 51-60 years (25 cases) followed by 41-50 years (21 cases). CONCLUSIONAbnormal uterine bleeding at any age can be alarming and should be evaluated thoroughly. As chances of tumours increases with age, even a minimal spotting in post-menopausal age should be taken seriously. Endometrial biopsy is the important test for the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities; care should be taken in sampling. Inadequate or sampling from wrong site may lead to interpretation error.

BACKGROUND The incidence of prostatic lesions increases with increasing age. The most important diseases of prostate are inflammatory lesions (prostatitis), nodular hyperplasia (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and carcinoma. Prostatic carcinoma is the second most common cancer in males. Prostatic cancer is usually diagnosed histopathologically based on morphological features like growth pattern, nuclear atypia and absence of basal cells. Establishing or ruling out the diagnosis of carcinoma of prostate has been a challe nging task for pathologists for many years. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was a retrospective descriptive study for all the prostatic specimens received between January 2013 and June 2018. The haematoxylin and eosin stained slides were retrieved and reviewed. RESULTS The present study constituted a total of 321 cases with age ranging from 30 years-85 years. All prostatic specimens were broadly classified into non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. The present study included 321 prostatic specimens which comprised of 02 prostatic biopsies, 318 Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) chips and 01 prostatectomy specimens. Out of total 321 cases, non-neoplastic were 279 cases (86.91%) and neoplastic were 42 (13.09%) cases. Most common non-neoplastic lesion was nodular hyperplasia 278 cases, of which 117 cases were affected by prostatitis. Out of total nodular hyperplasia with prostatitis, 05 cases were showing granulomas and 112 cases were showing prostatitis (non-granulomatous). In the present study, neoplastic lesions were 42 cases, out of which low-grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) were 15 cases (37.7%), adenocarcinoma 25 cases (59.5%) and other neoplasms 02 cases (4.7%). CONCLUSION Our study concluded that Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is the commonest lesion among males with features of prostatism and most common type of inflammation associated with BPH is chronic inflammation. The commonest age group affected by both carcinoma and BPH is the seventh decade.

Background: Chest trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all age groups.. This retrospective study has been undertaken to analyse the pattern of chest injuries among patients admitted in a tertiary care centre. Methods: All the in-patient records of patients, admitted with abdominal injuries in the emergency department of the Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, located in Moradabad (U.P.). Results: There were total 139 cases of chest injuries, during the study period. 84 victims were in 2 nd to 4 th decades of life, 18 in 5 th decade, 8 in 1 st decade and the remaining 19 patients were in either extremes of age groups. The male to female ratio was 2.4:1. There were 111 cases of blunt chest injuries and 28 cases of penetrating injuries. Most common X ray findings were haemothorax, seen in 94 cases followed by pneumothorax in 59 cases and multiple rib fractures in 50 cases. Blunt injuries were caused due to accidents in 102 cases and homicides in 9 cases. Penetrating injuries were caused due to accidents in 15 cases and homicides in 13. The mortality rate was 6.4%. Conclusion: Chest Injuries were more common among males than females.