Another development and microsporogenesis were compared in male‐fertile wheat and a male‐sterile line, Nr 26. Premeiotic stages of anther development in both the strains are more or less normal, but in later stages, the sterile line shows abnormal development of three types. All three are present in every spikelet, but only one is observed in a single floret. In the central flower of the spikelet, the tapetal layer degenerates before the separation of sporogenous cells, followed by the degeneration of the latter. The degenerated mass is soon absorbed and the mature anther is left with only an epidermal layer. In one of the lateral flowers, the tapetum remains intact and is accompanied by the increase in nuclear size. Later, with the differentiation of exine and intine in microspores, the tapetal layer is completely absorbed. The pollen grains are devoid of germ pore, cytoplasm, and nuclei. The third type results in the formation of a tapetal periplasmodium when microspore mother cells enter meiosis. The contents of the plasmodium and microspore mother cell intermingle and start degenerating. The anthers are left with an epidermis, an endothecium and a degenerated mass of plasmodium and microspore mother cells. Male‐sterility in all the three types seems to result from improper nourishment of the developing sporogenous cells or the microspores due to abnormal behaviour of the tapetum.
T HIS paper reports the breeding behavior of a nondehiscent anther character which first appeared in a cross involving an African sorghum variety. Anatomical and histological differences between normal and nondehiscent anthers are also presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Background:
Cichorium intybus is a perennial herb in the Asteraceae family that has significant ethano-medical properties and is utilized in Ayurveda and Unani therapy. The enzyme costunolide synthase contributes in the biosynthesis pathway of sesquiterpene lactones, which is thought to give the plant antimalarial action.
Methods:
This work uses several in-silico techniques along with docking experiments to show the structural and physiochemical characteristics of the enzyme costunolide synthase. Costunolide synthase protein interacts with lactucin and lactucopicrin with lower energy interactions of -4.99 kcal/mol for total 3 hydrogen bonds and -6.55 kcal/mol for total 2 hydrogen bonds, respectively. One domain named CYP 450 has been found which catalyzes a variety of oxidative reactions of a large number of structurally different compounds that are both endogenous and exogenous from all major domains of life. The mitochondrial cellular localization of protein was revealed with a maximum score of 1.833.
Results:
The phylogenetic study revealed that the enzyme costunolide synthase from Cichorium intybus has a greater resemblance to Cichorium endivia and Lactuca sativa of costunolide synthase. Molecular docking findings of sesquiterpene lactones (lactucin and lactucopicrin) with Plasmepsin II protein of P. falciparum parasites after clinical trials with sesquiterpene lactones may give the more evidences and explanations for the active involvement of lactucin and lactucopicrin as an antimalarial compound.
Conclusion:
This research will be used in future wet lab studies to figure out how the costunolide synthase enzyme regulates sesquiterpene lactones and to investigate additional regulatory enzyme involved in the synthesis of sesquiterpene lactones.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.