Location of Kalamazoo County, Michigan ……………………………………… 2. Surface-water basins and generalized spatial distribution of surficial glacial materials, Kalamazoo County, Michigan ……………………………………… 3. Example of a small seepage meter …………………………………………… 4. Generalized geologic section depicting hydrologic units in the Kalamazoo County area, Michigan …………………………………………… 5. Groundwater level measurement locations in the Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ……………………………………………………………………… 6. Initial estimate of groundwater levels, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan …… 7. Location of community water suppliers and selected lakes in Kalamazoo County, Michigan ……………………………………………………………… 8. Graph showing daily mean streamflow for selected streams in Kalamazoo County, Michigan …………………………………………………………………… 9. Map showing surface-water measurement locations in the Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ……………………………………………………………………… 10-11. Graphs showing-10. Average yearly precipitation from 1960 to 2001 for Kalamazoo County, Michigan ……………………………………………………………………… 11. Average estimated base flow by major surficial material type for streams in the Kalamazoo area, Michigan ………………………………………………… 12-20. Maps showing-12. Estimated bottom of the upper aquifer, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan …… 13. Estimated bottom of the upper confining unit ………………………………… 14. Estimated bottom of the intermediate aquifer ………………………………… 15. Estimated bottom of the lower confining unit ………………………………… 16. Estimated bottom of the lower aquifer ………………………………………… 17. Groundwater flow model boundaries ………………………………………… 18. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper aquifer (model layer 1) determined by parameter estimation ………………………… 19. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the intermediate aquifer (model layer 3) determined by parameter estimation ………………………… 20. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the lower aquifer (model layer 5) determined by parameter estimation ………………………… 21. Graph showing observed and simulated water levels in wells for 2001, 1994, 1987, and 1966 pumping conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ………………… v 22. Map showing distribution of water-level residuals for 2001 pumping conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ………………………………………………… 35 23-27. Graphs showing-23. Observed and simulated streamflow for 2001, 1994, 1987, and 1966 pumping conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ………………………………… 36 24. Observed and simulated flow at seepage measurement sites for 2001 pumping conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ………………………………… 37 25. Sensitivity of water levels to changes in hydraulic conductivity and streambed parameters, Kalamazoo regional model ……………………………………… 38 26. Water levels in selected wells of the transient model simulation representing seasonal conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ……………………… 41 27. Water levels in selected wells of the transient model simulation representing monthly conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ……………………… 42 28-30. Maps showing-28. Difference in steady-state water levels in the upper aqu...
Hydrologic and climatologic data were collected In the Lehigh area In southeastern Oklahoma during an Investigation of the hydrologic effects of coal strip-mining. The purpose of the study was to assess the probable effects of surface mining for coal and subsequent reclamation on the hydrologic characteristics of the basin. This report presents all the data collected between 1977 and 1982. The data include: (1) greater than four years of daily and selected unit streamflow, daily suspended-sediment discharge, analyses of periodic samples for chemical quality, and daily temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen at the Coal Creek near Lehigh gaging station; (2) partial record discharge data and analyses of periodic samples for chemical quality and sediment for two tributaries of Coal Creek; (3) climatologic data for four sites; (4-) soil moisture at 13 measurement sites; (5) continuous record of the water level in one well; (6) periodic record of water level in a second well; (7) water-level records for 43 wells and springs including on-site measurement of physical parameters; and (8) complete chemical analyses of water samples from eleven wells and one spring. Several vegetation types are represented in the basin (fig. 3). The upland forested areas consist of walnut, blackjack oak and post oak with broomsedge and red threeawn in recently cleared and open areas (Branson,1978). In the relatively flat area hackberry, Osage orange and pecan are the dominate riparian vegetation with pasture lands of broomsedge, Bermuda grass, red threeawn and annual snakeweed. Formerly cultivated areas have been returned to pastures. Soils of the study area fall into three major groups (Moebius and others, 1974-). The Bonham-Bates-Parsons association, present over most of the study area, consists of loamy soils that have a clayey and loamy subsoil over sandstone, shale, or loamy or clayey sediment. The Homa-Rock outcrop association, present only in the western more hilly portion of the study area, consists of loamy soils that have a clayey subsoil over shale or clay, and rock outcrops. The third major soil type, present in the central and western portions of the study area, is the Hartsells-Homa association. This soil association consists of loamy soils that have a loamy or clayey subsoil over shale, clay, or sandstone. There is presently (1982) no annual soil tillage in the basin. The cover condition is good with little erosion. Some formerly cultivated areas show evidence of past erosion. One particular area has relatively steep slopes with fine-textured soil. Coal Creek study area is underlain by the Hartshorne Sandstone and the McAlester Formation of Pennsylvanian age (Knechtel, 1937). The Hartshorne Sandstone consists of a lower sandstone unit and an upper shale unit. The lower Hartshorne coal, which extends across the study area, lies within the shale unit. The McAlester Formation consists mainly of shale, but includes several persistent ridge-forming sandstones similar to the Hartshorne. The climate of the area ...
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