Simulation of the ground-water-flow system in the Kalamazoo County area, Michigan

Abstract

Location of Kalamazoo County, Michigan ……………………………………… 2. Surface-water basins and generalized spatial distribution of surficial glacial materials, Kalamazoo County, Michigan ……………………………………… 3. Example of a small seepage meter …………………………………………… 4. Generalized geologic section depicting hydrologic units in the Kalamazoo County area, Michigan …………………………………………… 5. Groundwater level measurement locations in the Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ……………………………………………………………………… 6. Initial estimate of groundwater levels, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan …… 7. Location of community water suppliers and selected lakes in Kalamazoo County, Michigan ……………………………………………………………… 8. Graph showing daily mean streamflow for selected streams in Kalamazoo County, Michigan …………………………………………………………………… 9. Map showing surface-water measurement locations in the Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ……………………………………………………………………… 10-11. Graphs showing-10. Average yearly precipitation from 1960 to 2001 for Kalamazoo County, Michigan ……………………………………………………………………… 11. Average estimated base flow by major surficial material type for streams in the Kalamazoo area, Michigan ………………………………………………… 12-20. Maps showing-12. Estimated bottom of the upper aquifer, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan …… 13. Estimated bottom of the upper confining unit ………………………………… 14. Estimated bottom of the intermediate aquifer ………………………………… 15. Estimated bottom of the lower confining unit ………………………………… 16. Estimated bottom of the lower aquifer ………………………………………… 17. Groundwater flow model boundaries ………………………………………… 18. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper aquifer (model layer 1) determined by parameter estimation ………………………… 19. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the intermediate aquifer (model layer 3) determined by parameter estimation ………………………… 20. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the lower aquifer (model layer 5) determined by parameter estimation ………………………… 21. Graph showing observed and simulated water levels in wells for 2001, 1994, 1987, and 1966 pumping conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ………………… v 22. Map showing distribution of water-level residuals for 2001 pumping conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ………………………………………………… 35 23-27. Graphs showing-23. Observed and simulated streamflow for 2001, 1994, 1987, and 1966 pumping conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ………………………………… 36 24. Observed and simulated flow at seepage measurement sites for 2001 pumping conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ………………………………… 37 25. Sensitivity of water levels to changes in hydraulic conductivity and streambed parameters, Kalamazoo regional model ……………………………………… 38 26. Water levels in selected wells of the transient model simulation representing seasonal conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ……………………… 41 27. Water levels in selected wells of the transient model simulation representing monthly conditions, Kalamazoo County area, Michigan ……………………… 42 28-30. Maps showing-28. Difference in steady-state water levels in the upper aqu...

Irrigation Water Demand: Price Elasticities and Climatic Determinants in the Great Lakes Region

“…Further, unlike other consumptive withdrawals, irrigation withdrawals are often located in small-scale upland agricultural watersheds that are vulnerable to seasonal change. A number of studies (Luukkonen et al 2004;Zorn, Seelbach, and Rutherford 2012;Mubako, Ruddell, and Mayer 2013;Watson, Mayer, and Reeves 2014) have similarly concluded that adaptive management of water scarcity in water-rich regions like the Great Lakes Region must address the sensitivity of aquatic ecosystems within localized scales of space and time.…”

A New Capture Fraction Method to Map How Pumpage Affects Surface Water Flow

“…An example capture map showing transient capture from one feature was generated using the MODFLOW‐based groundwater flow model developed for Kalamazoo County, Michigan (Luukkonen et al 2004). This model has 6 layers, 154 rows, and 162 columns, and the grid spacing in the area of interest is 200 m × 200 m. The 5‐year transient simulation includes pumping and recharge that varies seasonally that was retained for this example.…”

“… Example capture map showing fraction of pumping after 5 years supplied by a selected river segment in the Kalamazoo region groundwater flow model ( Luukkonen et al 2004 ). …”