Clinical and pathological investigations were conducted on outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in pullets under brooding using the battery cage system in a commercial poultry farm in Kaduna, Nigeria. Two consecutive outbreaks of IBD on the same farm were studied. The onset of the disease and morbidity and mortality rates were recorded. Postmortem examinations were conducted and gross lesions recorded. Tissues were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examinations. In the first outbreak, 80 to 100% of the chicks were affected at the age of 4 to 5 weeks and mortality rate was 95.8% and lasted for 9 days. In the second outbreak, the mortality rate was 43.3% and it also lasted for 9 days. At the onset of the disease, the birds were also 4-week-old like in case 1. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical signs, pathology, and agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID). Clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathological findings were characteristic of virulent infectious bursal disease. After the first outbreak (case 1) the house was disinfected using polidine® (iodophor compound), V-ox® (inorganic peroxygen compounds), CID20® (quaternary ammonium chloride, aldehydes, and alcohol), terminator III® (phenols), and glutasan® (aldehyde and quaternary ammonium chloride). But they failed to eliminate the IBD virus from the poultry pen.

Summary The clinical features of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus infection in goats were studied in two field outbreaks and by contact exposure of susceptible goats. Clinical signs observed included sudden onset of pyrexia, necrosis and erosions of the oral cavity, diarrhoea, and pneumonia, in that chronological order. Erosions of the vulva and prepuce as well as abortion were recorded in a few cases. Bacteriological examination of ante — in and post mortem samples showed that the most significant bacteria associated with PPR — infected goats were Pasteurella haemolytica, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococus pyogenes from the lungs, Salmonella sp. and E. coli from the faeces, Moraxella bovis from the eyes and Staphylococcus pyogenes from the oral cavity. The pathological lesions seen in natural PPR included necrosis, erosions and ulcerations of the epithelial layers of the labium, the vulva, and the alimentary tract as well as giant‐cell type pneumonia. However, some of the affected goats had fibrinous or purulent bronchopneumonia, most probably caused by secondary bacteria. Zusammenfassung Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) bei Ziegen in Nigeria: Klinische, mikrobiologische und pathologische Charakteristika Die klinischen Charkteristika der Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)‐Virusinfektion bei Ziegen wurden während zwei Feldausbrüchen und mittels Kontaktexposition empfänglicher Ziegen untersucht. Die beobachteten klinischen Krankheitszeichen waren plötzlich auftretendes Fieber, Nekrosen und Erosionen in der Maulhöhle, Durchfälle und Pneumonien in der aufgeführten Reihenfolge. Erosionen an Vulva und Präputium ebenso wie Aborte wurden in wenigen Fällen beobachtet. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen von ante‐ und post mortem Proben zeigten, daβ die wichtigsten bakteriellen Infektionen in Verbindung mit der PPR verursacht wurden von Pasteurella haemolytica, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa und Staphylococcus pyogenes, isoliert aus der Lunge, ferner von Salmonella sp. und E. coli, isoliert aus den Faeces, sowie von Moraxella bovis, isoliert aus den Augen und von Staphylococcus pyogenes isoliert, aus der Maulhöhle. Die pathologischen Läsionen, die bei den natürlichen Ausbrüchen der PPR beobachtet wurden, waren Nekrosen, Erosionen und Ulcera des Lippen‐Epithels, des Epithels der vulva und des Verdauungstrakts und das Auftreten von Pneumonien des Riesenzell‐Typs. Obwohl einige der befallenen Ziegen fibrinöse oder purulente Bronchopneumonien hatten, dürften diese höchstwahrscheinlich durch bakterielle Sekundärinfektionen verursacht sein. Résumé Peste des petits ruminants (PFR) chez des chèvres au Nigeria: caractéristiques cliniques, microbiologiques et pathologiques Les caractéristiques cliniques de l'infection virale de la peste des petits ruminants (PPR) chez des chèvres ont été examinées durant deux épizooties dans le terrain et au moyen d'une exposition par contact de chèvres réceptives. Les signes cliniques observés ont été une fièvre brutale, des nécroses et des errosions dans la gueule, d...

Nigerian strain of Peste des Petit Ruminant (PPR) virus and Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) biotype A serotype 2, was used successfully to reproduce a concurrent disease in West African Dwarf goats. The development of the various pathological features were studied at regular intervals following infection. The acute inflammatory reaction which had developed by day 3 after initial infection was characterised by flooding of the alveoli by neutrophils, oedema, hemorrhage and syncytial cells together with a moderate bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial necrosis. This progressed to a milder acute broncho interstitial pneumonia with giant cells. At this stage, the mucosal immunity were well developed especially the aggregate form of NALT and more of nodular forms of BALT. The organisms were demonstrated with strong immunostaining in the necrotic center, necrotic alveolar wall, fibrin, serous exudate, and degenerated leukocyte in the alveoli and respiratory airways. The bacterial antigens were observed as a strong immunostaining in the blood vessels of the nasal septum, sinusoid in the liver and interstium of the kidney, cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages, pneumocytes, bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, in the monocytes in the blood vessels. These findings confirmed the enhancement of MH tropism especially in the respiratory tract, liver and kidney. It also showed that West african dwarf goats are highly susceptible to the intratracheal combined infection of PPR virus and MH. The fact that the infection induces strong mucosal responses, this phenomenon can be explored in Africa with the use of combined PPR virus and MH intranasal vaccines to curtail the menace of pneumonia associated with the combined infection on field.

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