The purpose of this article is to propose creation of a consistent, measureable 12-week aquatic exercise progression for individuals diagnosed with asthma. An aquatic exercise option not requiring swim skills may offer real value, but no previous literature explicitly describes a standardized nonswimming aquatic exercise progression. Participants were diagnosed: medically managed asthmatics in a rural community. Guidelines set forth by AEA and ACSM were used in the development of the exercise program and progression. By the end of the 12 weeks, instructors were challenging participants with multilevel travel sets and complex timed sequences, meeting programmatic goals for exercise intensity progression. In conclusion, this 12-week aquatic exercise protocol could effectively be prescribed by aquatic exercise specialists to increase physical activity in an asthmatic population. The design may be used in research studies as a consistent and measurable treatment protocol. According to the National Health Interview Study, in 2007 approximately 40.6 million Americans have been diagnosed with asthma at some point during their life. Approximately 16.2 million are affected by asthma symptoms daily. Asthma ranks within the most prevalent conditions causing limitation of activity, which can make asthmatics more likely to suffer from cardiovascular and metabolic conditions resulting from a sedentary lifestyle. Physical activity has been shown to have extensive health benefits both in normally functioning adults as well as in adults with asthma (Lucas & Platts-Mills, 2005; Pedersen & Saltin, 2006). Aquatic exercise programs focusing on respiratory endurance have significantly improved athletic performance in the general population (Romer, McConnell, & Jones, 2002a, 2002b). Researchers have also reported that individuals suffering from asthma typically have subnormal exercise tolerance (
Diazepam (DZ) placental transfer in pregnant women at term, following single or repeated drug administration by various routes, was evaluated. DZ and its metabolite N-demethyldiazepam (NDZ) were constantly present in umbilical cord plasma at concentrations comparable to the mother's shortly after drug administration. N-methyloxazepam (MOX) was detected in cord plasma only in a limited number of cases following chronic DZ treatment. Postmortem analysis of fetal tissue concentrations showed accumulation of NDZ in heart and lungs. Differences in NDZ concentrations between venous cord (VC) and arterial cord (AC) plasms suggest metabolic degradation of DZ in the fetus. The DZ apparent plasma half-life in the newborn was found to be longer (31 plus or minus 2 hr) than previously observed in infants and children. The low drug clearance appears to be linked to reduced urinary excretion of hydroxylated metabolites, suggesting limited capability to dispose of DZ in the newborn.
A cochlear implant (CI) is an electronic device that enables hearing recovery in patients with severe to profound hearing loss. Although CIs are a successful treatment for profound hearing impairment, their effectivity may be improved by reducing damages associated with insertion of electrodes in the cochlea, thus preserving residual hearing ability. Inner ear trauma leads to inflammatory reactions altering cochlear homeostasis and reducing post-operative audiological performances and electroacoustic stimulation. Strategies to preserve residual hearing ability led to the development of medicated devices to minimize CI-induced cochlear injury. Dexamethasone-eluting electrodes recently showed positive outcomes. In previous studies by our research group, intratympanic release of dexamethasone for 14 days was able to preserve residual hearing from CI insertion trauma in a Guinea pig model. Long-term effects of dexamethasone-eluting electrodes were therefore evaluated in the same animal model. Seven Guinea pigs were bilaterally implanted with medicated rods and four were implanted with non-eluting ones. Hearing threshold audiograms were acquired prior to implantation and up to 60 days by recording compound action potentials. For each sample, we examined the amount of bone and fibrous connective tissue grown within the scala tympani in the basal turn of the cochlea, the cochleostomy healing, the neuronal density, and the correlation between electrophysiological parameters and histological results. Detection of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and foreign body giant cells showed that long-term electrode implantation was not associated with an ongoing inflammation. Growth of bone and fibrous connective tissue around rods induced by CI was reduced in the scala tympani by dexamethasone release. For cochleostomy sealing, dexamethasone-treated animals showed less bone tissue growth than negative. Dexamethasone did not affect cell density in the spiral ganglion. Overall, these results support the use of dexamethasone as anti-inflammatory additive for eluting electrodes able to protect the cochlea from CI insertion trauma.
Swallowing and communication disorders are common in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Both disorders are extremely variable and can have a major effect on health status and quality of life. This is why it is important to provide health care professionals who are working with persons with MS with tools to signal, assess, and treat swallowing and communication disorders. This synthesis gives an update on relevant and recent literature on swallowing and communication disorders, supplemented with current practice-based evidence. Studies on swallowing and communication disorders in MS are scarce: more and higher-quality research is needed. It should be emphasized that therapists need to focus on the patient’s acquisition of skills to participate in daily life. This means that each patient requires an individual approach based on their own needs.
Diazepam (D Z) placental transfer in pregnant women at term, following single or repeated drug administration by various routes, was evaluated. DZ and its metabolite N-demethyldiazepam (NDZ) were constantly present in umbilical cord plasma at concentrations comparable to the mother's shortly after drug administration. N-methyloxazepam ( MO X) was detected in cord plasma only in a limited number of cases following chronic DZ treatment. Postmortem analysis of fetal tissue concentrations showed accumulation of NDZ in heart and lungs. Differences in NDZ concentrations between venous cord (VC) and arterial cord (AC) plasma suggest metabolic degradation of DZ in the fetus. The DZ apparent plasma half-life in the newborn was found to be longer (31 ± 2 hr) than previously observed in irifants and children. The low drug clearance appears to be linked to reduced urinary excretion of hydroxylated metabolites, suggesting limited capability to dispose of DZ in the newborn.
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