Standard therapeutic regimens of praziquantel for neurocysticercosis use daily doses of 50 mg/kg for 15–21 days, with prolonged remission being achieved in 60–80% patients. In this prospective study, 100 mg/kg daily was used for 10 days in 13 patients aged 32 ± 15 years (mean ± SD) with severe intra-, extraparenchymal or mixed forms of neurocysticercosis. Patients were monitored with computerized tomography and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination on days 1, 5 and 10. Full blood count, sedimentation rate, blood sugar, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, liver transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, urine analysis and electrocardiogram were carried out before and after treatment. Doses of dexamethazone and of other drugs used concomitantly were controlled. There was no toxicity, clinical or detected by the methods employed in the study. After 22 ± 5 (mean ± SD) months follow-up, 6 patients needed ventriculoperitoneal shunting, 2 had died, 7 were improved and led useful lives and 4 were in prolonged remission. There was no correlation between serum or CSF praziquantel correlation and outcome of treatment. The proposed regimen is well tolerated, may be as efficient as previously advocated regimens, requires less hospitalization time and may be adopted routinely for therapy of neurocysticercosis.

Pseudo-aneurismas são uma afecção arterial rara. Os autores destacam a raridade da ocorrência de pseudo-aneurisma da artéria carótida comum pós-traumático e a associação de pseudo-aneurisma com osteocondroma femoral. Enfatizam a importância dos métodos por imagem, em especial a angiotomografia, no diagnóstico de afecções vasculares, como na ocorrência de pseudo-aneurismas. Realizam, ainda, revisão bibliográfica pertinente ao assunto.

The wide clinical spectrum of neurocysticercosis has led to many attempts at clinical, radiological, CSF and other classifications. Based on an objective review of the relevant literature and on a prospective study of 42 patients with active neurocysticercosis, a new classification is proposed, based on clinical, tomographic, magnetic resonance and CSF evidence of viability of cysts. The first step is to define whether the disease is active or not. Inactive disease may be parenchymal calcifications or hydrocephalus. Active disease may be intraparenchymal, extraparenchymal or mixed. Statistical analysis of 42 cases with active disease shows intraparenchymal disease to occur in younger patients, perhaps more frequently in females, and to have a better prognosis than extraparenchymal of mixed disease. The latter appears to have the worst prognosis. Therapeutic implications are that only active disease warrants etiological therapy. There remain doubts about the best therapy for some infrequent subtypes of extraparenchymal and mixed disease.

The purpose of this study is to test the sensitivity of the volumetric analysis compared to the visual analysis of the hippocampal formations of a group of 153 patients with clinical diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy and candidates to temporal lobectomy, evaluated by magnetic resonance (MR), using a 0.5 Tesla machine and inversion-recovery T1-weighted images and 5 mm coronal slices. There was agreement between the prospective visual analysis and another retrospective visual analysis carried out by two independent observers (C = 0.748 and C = 0.720). There was also agreement between the retrospective analysis of the two investigators (C = 0.733). There was genuine agreement (C = 0.788) between the results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses carried out prospectively. Volume measurements showed a nonsignificant tendency to lateralize more cases of clinically presumed hippocampal atrophy. Our results confirm the reliability of a qualitative visual analysis and indicate the utility of hippocampal volumetry as a supplementary, objective and quantitative measure of hippocampal sclerosis.

Monotherapy is the policy for management of patients with epilepsy. With increasing knowledge of the biology of epilepsy and of the modes of action of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), this concept must be reevaluated. When monotherapy fails to control seizures, subsequent treatment should be based on "rational pharmacology," taking into consideration the mode of action of the drugs, to provide improved efficacy with maintained tolerance and ease of administration. Introduction of vigabatrin (VGB) as a new AED calls for just such a reevaluation. VGB is an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-transaminase that increases brain and cerebrospinal (CSF) GABA concentrations in animals and humans. It has limited efficacy in the classic animal seizure screening tests, but in many clinical studies has halved the incidence of seizures in approximately 50% of patients, especially those with partial epilepsies. We evaluated the efficacy of VGB in "socially integrated and active outpatients" as a likely subset to demonstrate any advantage of rational polytherapy. The criteria for this evaluation included the effects on seizure frequency, patient tolerability, and cognitive performance in a battery of psychometric tests. Fourteen of the 19 patients (73%) completing the study had > 50% reduction in seizure frequency, and 10 of 19 (52%) had > 70% reduction in seizure frequency. Tolerability appeared good; somnolence was the most frequent adverse event. Three patients complained of a worsening of their seizures, 1 with an increase in frequency and 2 with development of myoclonic jerks not previously reported.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

RESUMO -Métodos especiais de MRI foram utilizados em 5 pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal retrátanos ao tratamento clínico, com a finalidade de localizar a área epileptogênica. Imagens coronáis com espessura de 5 mm foram obtidas da borda posterior do tronco cerebral até a base do lobo frontal, utilizando-se as seqüências "Inversion Recovery T I " (TR=2500 msec, TE=26 msec, TI=600 msec) para avaliar perda de estrutura interna e atrofia do hipocampo e morfología do lobo temporal; Spin-echo T2w (TR=2500 msec, TE=120 msec) visando a avaliar sinais de alta intensidade anormais. Em 2 casos com focos esquerdos no EEG, a MRI mostrou atrofia, perda de estrutura interna e aumento de sinal no hipocampo, e atrofia do lobo temporal anterior, ipsilateralmente. Um caso com focos bilaterais independentes no EEG teve atrofia, perda da estrutura interna e aumento de sinal no hipocampo direito. Um caso com EEG focai direito mostrou atrofia em ambos os lobos temporais anteriores. Outro caso não mostrou anormalidades. Concluimos que esta metodologia pode facilitar a indicação cirúrgica em epilepsia do lobo temporal. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: epilepsia, epilepsia focal, epilepsia do lobo temporal, crises hipocampais, ressonância magnética (técnicas).Lateralization of the epileptogenic area by magnetic ressonance imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy SUMMARY -We studied 5 patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy using special methods of MRI, in order to localize the epileptogenic area. Coronal sequences were obtained with 5 mm sections from the posterior margin of the brainstem to the base of the frontal lobe using: "Inversion recovery T l " (TR=2500 msec, TE=26 msec, T1=600 msec) to analyse loss of internal structure and atrophy of the hippocampus, and morphology of the temporal lobe; and Spin-echo T2w (TR=250 msec, TE=120 msec) looking for abnormal high intensity signal. In two cases with left focal EEG the MRI showed atrophy, loss of internal structure and abnormal high intensity signal in the hippocampus, and atrophy of the anterior temporal lobe, ipsilateraly. One case with independent bilateral foci at the EEG showed atrophy, loss of internal structure and abnormal high intensity signal in the right hippocampus. Other case with right focal EEG showed bilateral atrophy of the anterior temporal lobes. Another case was normal. We conclude that this methodology can facilitate the surgical indication in temporal lobe epilepsy.KEY WORDS: epilepsy, focal epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, hippocampal seizures, magnetic resonance imaging (techniques) A lateralização da área epileptogênica é de capital importância em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal refratárias a tratamento medicamentoso, pois são potenciais candidatos a cirurgia. Os achados patológicos na epilepsia do lobo temporal podem ser de dois tipos. Na maioria dos pacientes o substrato histopatológico encontrado é a esclerose mesial temporal, caracterizada microscopicamente por gliose e depleção neuronal e, macroscopicamente, por atrofia da formação hipocampal e,...

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Os gêmeos acoplados são raros e constituem um desafio para os radiologistas e cirurgiões pediátricos. O estudo pré-natal é essencial para a definição da fusão anatômica e de outras anormalidades associadas, visando o adequado planejamento cirúrgico e a avaliação do prognóstico fetal. Os autores apresentam os achados clínicos e de imagem de um caso de gêmeos toracópagos, unidos pela porção anterior do tórax e compartilhando o coração e o fígado, diagnosticados ao estudo ultra-sonográfico e submetidos ao estudo por ressonância magnética fetal intra-útero para confirmação dos achados e detecção de outras anormalidades.