Billions of tons of agricultural waste are generated worldwide every year. In Russia the total amount of agricultural waste reaches 630-650 million tons annually. The situation with agricultural waste will only get worse, because on the one hand, this waste is a valuable raw material that can be used in agriculture (more than half of that is manure), and on the other hand, for the same reason, this waste creates great environmental and sanitary problems. The most promising way to solve the problem is to use manure for the production of organic fertilizers, which can be used in organic farming. The organic market is one of the most dynamically developing in the world, which is estimated at 198.1 billion US dollars in 2020, is projected to reach 495.9 billion US dollars by 2027. The solution of the problem of agricultural waste must be complex and includes legislative, economic and technological components. The article describes the need to support cooperation between producers of organic fertilizers, organic products and sellers of organic products. Variants of modification of the existing equipment for manure processing in order to obtain biologically active organic fertilizers are proposed.
The article studies reliability of technically complicated goods as complex customer characteristics; the most informative indicators, i.e. service life; the dependence of durability on economic characteristics of the product; trends of reducing service life of goods and possible negative economic and ecological after-effects were shown; an attempt was made to compare customer costs on different stages of the product life cycle. The authors provide requirements to manufacturers' responsibility and product sellers concerning warranty periods and service life, service support and repair of technically complicated goods, legal consequences of product breakdown within the frames of warranty periods and service life. Statistics given by Rospotrebnadzor dealing with faulty technically complicated products was analyzed. Summarized information of recommended service life and average amount of work per breakdown fixed in relative inter-state standards was provided. The stated information was compared with figures of durability and reliability in today's practice of manufacturing and selling house-hold electric machines and devices. On the basis of EU guidelines one variant of legal way of resolving the problem of attaining the optimum service life for customers and manufacturers was proposed. The authors give recommendations on fixing obligatory requirements on limiting use of short-life and difficult to utilize materials in details of technically difficult goods.
The article shows commodity expertise aspects of children’s goods market, in particular children’s toys. Demographic and economic factors are called as major ones for the development of global and Russian market of children’s goods. The place of toys in the product-range of children’s goods was identified, s well as their social role. The authors provide such figures as global sales volume of children’s goods, import and export of toys in the Russian Federation. They research key categories of toys, structure of their sales, analyze key global trends of production and consumption of toys, trends typical of the EU and Russia. Promising lines of production and selling toys in the EU and Russia were highlighted and specific features of Russian state policy in respect of children’s goods manufacturers were presented. Preconditions for the development of Russia industry of children’s goods were discussed.
Стиральные и посудомоечные машины, пылесосы -товары, которые наряду с эффективностью функционирования обладают высокой энергоемкостью, растущей пропорционально увеличению их числа в домохозяйствах. Авторами показаны статистические данные обеспеченности населения Европейского союза и Российской Федерации этими товарами, объем их продаж, суммарное годовое потребление воды и электроэнергии в ЕС; приведены диапазоны значений эксплуатационных показателей, возможные сроки службы бытовых машин, а также данные Евразийской экономической комиссии о характере их эксплуатации в ЕС (средняя наработка за год, срок службы и др.). Охарактеризованы меры, принятые Еврокомиссией для снижения расхода электроэнергии и воды при эксплуатации вышеуказанных бытовых машин, а также отражены результаты, которые ожидает Еврокомиссия от реализации этих мер. Указаны актуальные значения показателей энергоэффективности, достигнутые изготовителями ЕС. Отмечено, что в целях энергосбережения и предотвращения доступа на территорию ЕАЭС энергоемких морально устаревших товаров Евразийская экономическая комиссия готовит меры, аналогичные разработанным в ЕС. Принят технический регламент (ТР ЕАЭС) с требованиями к энергетической эффективности. Сравнительный анализ нормативов и требований к энергоэффективности и экодизайну в регламентах ЕС и ЕАЭС показал необходимость актуализации ТР ЕАЭС.
The article shows elements and key principles of the concept of sustainable development and points out to steps made by Russian and the EU targeted at introducing the concept within the frames of state functioning. The authors provide information about the latest changes in state policy in the field of ecologic development of Russia and characterize the course in the sphere of sustainable ecologic development. In the system of sustainable development indicators the authors identify such power figures as consumption of power resources and emission of used gases, for instance CO2 to the atmosphere. Statistics concerning the amount of power resource consumption and air pollution by CO2 emissions in developed countries was included in the article. Principle normative documents used to regulate power optimization and power efficiency in Russia, EAEC and the EU were analyzed. The EU experience dealing with digital information support of customers aimed at improving power efficiency was studied and data of electric power saving and cutting CO2 emission stipulated by EU directives was also considered. Examples of steps meant to motivate power efficient habits of the population in the Russian Federation were given
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